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Gene Larson's Shop Notes |
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WOODS FOR MODELBUILDING
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By: Eugene L. Larson Reproduced here in essentially its original
form and content. Some updates have been added. First published in Ships in Scale
Magazine, September/October 1987.
In the last issue, I covered wood
processing, using saws and sanders, to obtain the proper dimensions for
modeling projects. Below is a list of woods, their characteristics, and
applicability to model building. Use it only as a guide. There are always
exceptions. For example, normally oak isn't recommended for model work
because of its large grain and porous nature; however, I've seen some
beautiful models done in oak that was carefully selected to avoid the
disadvantages. I don't claim 100% accuracy or complete details. Some woods
haven't been included due to lack of information or ignorance of their
existence. Please write to me if you can make additions or corrections. When planning a model, the types of wood to
use are extremely important, One critical aspect is availability. Boxwood has
always been a favorite, probably due as much to its historic use as to its
outstanding characteristics. The original Admiralty models are masterpieces,
and boxwood greatly enhances their appearance. However, now the truly good European
boxwood is very difficult to obtain. Why not do as they did in the days of
building the dockyard models and use the best locally available woods? There
are many domestic types which look as good as boxwood and work as well. The
color can't be matched, but why is this necessary? Many people don't even
like the yellowish color of boxwood. Why not try the local maple, cherry,
pear, apple, dogwood, etc.? You'll be surprised at the results. There are many sources for wood. Some local
lumberyards have the typical cherry, walnut, maple, basswood, birch, pine,
oak, and mahogany. Some specialty wood craft stores carry the more exotic
domestic and foreign types. Fruit woods usually aren't found in lumberyards
and stores. Mail order is a strong possibility, and in some cases the only
way to obtain the wood other than harvesting it yourself in an orchard or
forest, I like to see the lumber before I buy to be
sure it has the grain, texture, color, and lack of flaws such as knots that I
require. If you find a good mail order source, stick with it. Normally, more
raw wood is needed than anticipated, because you'll want to discard poorer
areas. This is true whether you buy locally or through the mail. Watch for
wood dealers at carving and model shows and at conferences such as the one
held annually by the Nautical Research Guild (NRG). Ask questions about the wood you're
purchasing. If the dealer can't answer the basic ones, then be careful of the
products. An example here is appropriate. A local dealer who has had a good
supply of lumber for a long time started receiving a different-looking
walnut. I bought it rough cut in 100 board foot quantities in 1" and
2" thicknesses and didn't think much about it until I started planing some of the pieces to size. Suddenly,
unacceptable white sapwood appeared. I accept a lot of scrap cut-off pieces,
but can't tolerate throwing away useless wood, especially at walnut prices! I started asking questions and received the
answer that you can't tell the sapwood until the board is planed. Once
planed, either by the dealer or me, it was mine. I kept asking questions and
complaining. I was finally told that the rough cut walnut was being boiled or
steamed to get a flow of the dark brown walnut color into the white sapwood.
This permits the producer and dealer to upgrade the lumber at least two steps
and make more money. Steaming/ boiling results in the walnut color being
deposited more on the rough surface of the wood than into the wood. Hence,
it's impossible to see the areas of white sapwood which have darkened
somewhat in color but not enough for my requirements. Also, this process must
have some effect on the original color of the dark heartwood. Another obvious source is to cut your own
with permission. Jack Kitzerow's articles in the
NRG Journal are a great reference on how to cut and dry woods. I've
been able to find holly, apple, pear, dogwood, basswood, and plum. Once your
friends know you're looking for wood, and not for burning in fireplaces,
you'll be surprised what turns up. Jack says that when ever he travels
anywhere by car, he always carries a small saw with him. There are many times
I wished I had my chain saw along! Some added comments by Joe McCleary from
the 1999 NRG/Mariners' Museum Model Builders' Symposium: Generally consider
using woods which are diffuse porous (most fruit woods, Poplar, Basswood,
European or South American Boxwood) rather than ring porous (most pines other
than Sugar Pine and most firs). You get what you pay for. Why buy cut-rate
wood that could cause construction problems or repid
deterioration of the model? Even a relatively high price for wood is a small
part of the expense of a model. Usually the most expensive single item in a
cased model is the plexi-glass or plate glass for
the case. Check the end grain even more than the surface grain as an
indication of quality and suitability of wood. When re-sawing, be careful to
consider how you can help or hurt your situatin
(i.e. in effect create a quarter sawn piece that
originally was not cut that way). [In order to minimize waste lumber mills refrain
from cutting quarter sawn planks. Instead they produce billet or slab sawn
wood which has a tendency to warp and cup. This creates major problems for
bread and butter hull construction.] Think of wood as a good investment. When
you stumble on to a good piece, buy it. Start your own "wood yard"
(something like a wine cellar for wood). Almost any place protected from the
weather and insects that allows flat storage will
do. The longer you store it, the better it gets. In almost any situation it
is best to actually see the wood being purchased, unless you REALLY trust the
person who is running a mail order business. In the latter case, insure that
you retain the right to return unsatisfactory pieces. Do not forget
non-conventional methods for collecting wood: used furniture (from
second-hand shops or even the trash); wood or used furniture found at flea
markets. Use various apecies of wood for contrast
and decoration when you are building a model of a wooden ship. In some cases
the need for the use of paint can almost be done away with. In many cases
wood can be made to simulate other materials quite effectively. When building
a model of a wooden boat or ship, consider using the same wood that was used
to construct the original vessel as the wood for the base. Makes a nice
tie-in and conversation piece. WOODS FOR MODELBUILDING* * For vendors that sell various common
and exotic woods see the Materials section of the Source List on the NRG web site.* * Apple and crab apple (Malus) vary in color
from light cream sapwood to a pale to medium pinkish brown heartwood. Darker
hardwood is more difficult to find in large sizes. It is heavy, brittle and
has a fine, dense, even texture, and bends easily, and resists splitting.
Well suited for carving and turning, as it's extremely hard and limber.
Excellent for bent or built-up frames, deck equipment, blocks, and deadeyes.
It takes a good finish. Can be stained and is one of the most desirable
modeling woods, however, twisted grain and knots must be avoided. Alder, red (Alnus rubra) is lighter than cherry but nearly as strong. About
half the price of cherry. Red alder can be used as a substitute in appearance
for black cherry. Ash (Fraxinus) is a creamy white to tan wood.
Its long, straight, close grain makes it useful for ribs and planks. Some
pieces have a coarse texture. Bends easily when steamed or heated, and often
has a wavy figure. White ash can be used as a
substitute in appearance for red oak. Balsa (Ochroma pyramidale)
is a straight grained, coarse textured, white to
pinkish-white wood which is very soft and light weight. When cut, it has a
tendency to crumble and won't hold a clean, sharp edge. It doesn't give a
smooth finish. Glues well, but doesn't reliably hold fasteners. Extremely
sharp tools are required to cut it, and it dents under finger pressure. This
wood is at the top of the "don't use" list, as it can't be worked
accurately in even the largest scales. Bamboo is a cane-like grass comprising over 700 species, but it makes
excellent dowels when split and pulled through a drawplate. Used to fasten
planks or fittings when drawn to .020" diameter or less for trunnels (Tree nails). Basswood (Tilia americans) is also known as American Linden, American
Whitewood, and Limewood. (The universal "duck
carvers" wood.) European varieties are called lime and are slightly
harder. Pale, almost white to pale creamy brown with a straight grain and
fine uniform texture which makes it suitable to represent other woods in
scale when stained. Holds a fairly sharp edge, but frays when drilled and
sawed. Bends relatively easy but has poor steam bending properties, and low
strength. It finishes well but surface "fur" requires sealing.
Basswood, an excellent all-around wood, is recommended for anyone's first
attempt at a plank-on-frame model, Utilized extensively for solid hull
construction by kit manufacturers and scratch-builders, as it carves
extremely well. Used for bread and butter hulls, built-up frames, bent frames, planking, decks, and deck equipment. Care is
needed to retain sharp edges. Not as heavy as European Lime, and a good
replacement for sugar pine. Beech (Fagus americans)
is a white or pale brown wood with a distinctive fleck. Has a straight but
coarse grain with tiny pores, good texture. Hard and soft areas make it
difficult to bend. Humidity adversely affects the wood, plus it's brittle.
Has limited modeling value. Heartwood and sapwood expand differently and,
therefore, shouldn't be used together. Birch (Betula). Red, white and yellow birch are similar except for color. Red birch is used to
resemble oak at a small scale. Yellow birch can be used as a substitute in
appearance for maple. The sapwood is generally creamy-white, and the
heartwood is a very pale brown. It has an even and straight grain, and has
good strength and bending properties. It is stiff, very hard, and holds a
clean edge. Suitable for frames, keels, and deckhouses. Sharp tools are
required. Should be selected carefully and cut to avoid grain patterns. Warps
readily if not thoroughly seasoned. Canadian and European birch should be
avoided due to twisting tendencies. Birch is valuable in the form of
high-grade aircraft plywood for model skins, mounting pads, or underlayment or framing. Ideal for jigs and patterns. Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) Formerly used for tree nails; good for
fence posts. Hard, dense wood but too coarse for model work. Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens). The English and European box are the most
desirable of the box family and are the true boxwood. This is a tree and
shouldn't be confused with the box shrub common to the Boxwood, South American (Gossypiospermum praecox,
Brazilian Cherry (Hymenaea courbaril) is reddish brown with a mahogany grain. Good
for machining and turning. Color darkens with exposure. Butternut (Juglans cinerea) Straight grain but coarse texture brown wood.
Not suitable for model work due to grain structure appearance. Canarywood (Centroloblum orinocense) Medium to coarse straight grain. Yellow with
streaks of red. Color deepens with age. Not suitable for model work. Cedar, red (Thujaplicata, western; juniperus virginiana, eastern)
is a straight grained, nonresinous, fine textured,
brittle softwood varying in color from pale pinkish-brown to dark brown with
insect repellant odor. Works easily and takes a good finish. Brass or copper
should be the only metal fasteners used. Too soft and fibrous for model work.
Eastern red cedar has an aroma. Cedar, Spanish (Cedrela odorata) Light reddish to dark brown with texture similar
to mahogany. Strong and light weight and carves well. Cherry, black (Prunus serotina) is an excellent hard, straight and close
grained wood for modeling. Best is found in mid-Atlantic states. Has a light
to pale reddish-brown color which deepens with age. When well seasoned, it's
comparatively free from checking and warping. Has a satiny, straight, fine
grain with occasional ripples and low shrinkage. Carves, finishes, and works
well, but will burn if power tools aren't sharp. Its stiffness and strength
make it suitable for framing, planking, deckhouses, and deck equipment. Also
a good wood for half-hull construction, especially if the grain pattern is
chosen to enhance vessel's curves. It can be brittle, so care must be taken
in bending. Small streaks of deep red dried sap can easily be avoided when
cutting. An outstanding American equivalent to boxwood though not in color.
Color naturally darkens with age to a rich hue. Makes a good scale
representation for teak. Red alder can be used as a substitute in appearance
for black cherry. Yellow poplar can be used as a substitute in grain
appearance for black cherry. Cocobolo (Dalbergia) is a dark
brown hardwood with irregular grain and medium fine texture. Good for
deadeyes, blocks, and hearts. Color varies from purple red to yellow, and
turns deep orange-red with exposure to air and light. Degame' (Oxandra lanceolata), lance, and
lemonwood are classified in the same category and their names are often
interchanged. A pale, creamy yellow to light brown hardwood with a very fine,
even texture and straight grain. Heartwood is dark. Machines
well and carves with excellent detail. Excellent choice for small
parts, masts and spars, but difficult to find (native to Dogwood (Cornus Ebony (Diospyros ebenum)
is a fine grained and extremely heavy, dark brown to jet black hardwood which
requires very sharp tools. Shavings can stain materials. It can be machined
with difficulty to an excellent finish, but applications are limited since
it's brittle. Bends well with dry heat and steam, but disintegrates in
ammonia. Can be used for wales, deck fittings,
rails, and planking of bulwarks where black strakes are needed, and to
simulate iron. Trunnels simulate iron spikes. Very
expensive and comes in short lengths. Elm (Ulums). The genuine rock elm is one of
the best woods for modeling, not to be confused with grey elm. Wood is white
with a long, straight grain. It's tough, has a close texture, and is easy to
bend. Elm is ideal for ribs, keels, stems, knees, and planks. Fir (Abies), including Gum, red (Liquidambar styraciflua)
has a white to golden yellow sapwood and is sometimes referred to as hazel
pine. Similar to pear, but slightly darker. Excellent to simulate teak and
mahogany. Heartwood is brown to reddish-brown and often called satin walnut. Has a close, fine, and even texture, irregular grain, and
bright satiny sheen. Can be used for planking, decks, and deckhouses.
Excellent for ship modeling. Red gum can be used as a substitute in
appearance for walnut. Hemlock (Tsuga) isn't recommended
due to its coarse grain and alternately hard and soft areas. Holly (Ilex opaca) is ivory white to gray-white
(sometimes greenish) with a straight, close, tight, extremely fine grain.
Some grain can be irregular. A quality wood with an even texture and
beautiful appearance. Requires sharp tools. Bends well due to low stiffness
and high strength. Has a high rate of shrinkage, so dry wood is essential. An
excellent modeling material, being fairly hard but easily worked. Glues well.
Easy to carve and holds edges better than most other woods. Will accept end
fastenings with a minimum of splitting. Holly can be used for framing,
planking, simulating holystoned decks, trim, carvings, blocks, small
fittings, guns, and other turnings. Hard to machine, but with care can be
finished to a smooth surface. Affected by humidity; should be kept in a
controlled environment. Expensive, so look for trees being cut down. Be sure
the color is desirable for the application since it is very noticable, especially surrounded by darker woods. Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) is also called ironwood. The wood is white to
light tan and hard, heavy and strong, and will take a very smooth finish. Has
a dense, fine texture with occasional irregular grain. Turns well and can be
cut to quite small sizes. A very smooth finish can be obtained. An excellent
substitute for boxwood, especially when the color of boxwood is
objectionable. Is extremely rare. Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) is sometimes called blue beech. Has characteristics similar to hophornbeam.
Ironwood - See hophornbeam and
hornbeam. Jelutong (Dyuera costulata), grown in Lance - See degame. Larch (Larix laricina)
is also called tamarack. Has a pale to medium-brown color with pronounced
growth rings. A hard, tough wood used for planking full-scale boats. Doesn't
have much application in model work. Lemon - See degame'. Not wood from a lemon tree!
Lignum vitae isn't recommended except for blocks and deadeyes on the
actual ships. Lime - English name for basswood. See basswood. Luan - Philipine mahogany. Luan
can be used as a substitute in appearance for Maple, Bird's Eye (Acer saccharum) Eyes
provide wood with a dramatic effect making it a good accent wood, but not
suitable for natural finish model work. Maple, Hard or Rock (Acer saccharum) is a
heavy fine grained white wood, readily available, stable, and among the
hardest of usable modeling materials. Although excellent for small parts, its
extreme hardness and occasional irregular grain make work difficult. Grain
varies from a bird's-eye figure to straight. Color can be pale yellow to deep
honey, and can be dull looking. Has high density, a fine, even texture, and
is strong and stable. An alternative to box. Easily worked with hand and
power tools. Good bending properties, holds an edge well and takes a good
finish. Suitable for turnings, frames, planking, and decks because of its
honey color, ability to take a smooth finish, and show a distinctive sheen.
Can also be used for model bases and cases. Soft, or silver maple, and red
maple are not as good for model work. Yellow birch can be used as a
substitute in appearance for maple. Application: Framing, Fittings, Deck
structures, Planking, Jigs and tools Mountain ash (Sorbus americans) or whitebeam is
closely related to apple. A tough, hard wood which turns and carves well and
takes an excellent finish. Dulls tools quickly. European variety is rowan. Oak (Quercus) grows in many varieties. Usually
not recommended for modeling due to its coarse texture and prominent
markings. A very strong wood suitable for the internal structure of a
built-up model. Takes an excellent finish. Red (Quercus
rubra) and white oak (Quercus
alba) are acceptable for model bases and half-hull backboards. White ash can be used as a substitute in appearance for red oak. Osage Orange (Maclura pomifera) A medium to coarse grained hardwood with bright
orange to golden yellow color which machines well. Obechi (Triplochiton scleroxylon) is a very light, pale, straw-colored
hardwood which works and finishes well with very sharp tools. End grain has a
tendency to crumble when cut. Texture is coarse and contains a grit which
quickly dulls tools. The prominent, open grain usually needs filling. Padauk, African
(Plerocarpus) isn't a common modeling wood, but its
red color makes it suitable for natural finishes where red is required.
However the color will age to a deep orange brown. Has an even, medium-fine
grain similar to the texture of walnut. Numerous pores are open, making the
wood unacceptable for large areas such as the insides of bulwarks. Pear, fruit (Pyrus communis) is a fine, close grained wood with distinct
pores. Can be worked to delicate detail, bends well, and takes an excellent
finish. Selected pieces have a straight grain. Turns and cuts well with a
clean sharp edge, and holds sharp detail, but has a slight dulling effect on
tools. Bends well with dry heat; do not steam. Used for planking, decks,
deckhouses and equipment, carving, blocks, and deadeyes. An excellent wood for
modeling, but a little scarce. Domestic pear has a cream to pinkish brown to
rose color and the grain structure is excellent for modeling. Foreign pear is
usually of better quality, but difficult to find. "Swiss pear"
produced by steaming the pear under pressure to to
even the coloration to a soft red-brown. It is uniform in color and the grain
structure duplicates mahogany when lightly stained and varnished. It provides
good contrast in unpainted models. Pecan (Carya illinoensis)
is in the hickory family, but has better color. Heartwood ranges from light
to medium tan. Sapwood is creamy. Has a close, tight
grain and at times a wavy figure. Similar to maple in working properties.
Strong and hard, requiring sharp tools. Bends well and finishes to a very
smooth surface. Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana) is also called white ebony. Color varies from
silver-grey to cream to light brown with occasional dark streaks. Dark wood
is confined to a small heartwood core. Oxidizes rapidly and takes on a dark
shade. Grain looks like miniature oak. Exceptionally strong and dense, but
affected by humidity. Not suited for planking or structural work, but can be
carved to intricate detail. An ultra-smooth finish is possible, but tools
dull rapidly. Pine, Sugar (Pinus lambertiana). Even grained and seasons well. Very stable
and used by pattern makers. A difficult to find west coast wood. Excellent
for solid hulls. Pine, White (Pinus strobus). Eastern white pine, sometimes called yellow
pine, and sugar pine (pinus lambertiana)
are the best of the pine family. Yellow pine is being replaced with jelutong due to availability. Currently yellow pine is so
variable in quality that it is difficult to descrie
its properties. The lumber yard variety is from fast growig
trees, and the grain and texture make it undesirable for model work. The good
quality pine is usually pale yellow to light brown with fine, even texture
and straight grain. Easily worked, finishes well, and has low shrinkage. Good
for solid hulls and pattern making. Don't confuse with ponderosa pine,
sometimes called western yellow pine, or with Yellow Pine which is also known
as Florida Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)
that is used as building material. Pines other than eastern white and sugar
aren't as well suited for model work. Due to the lack of availability of
quality pine, consideration should be given to using Sugar Pine, Basswood or
Poplar. Poplar, yellow (Liriodendron tulipifera),
also called tulip poplar and yellow poplar, varies in color from light,
creamy white in the sapwood to pale brown and light green in the heartwood.
Heartwood is more stable, easier to carve, and preferred over sapwood.
Straight grained with a fine, even texture, it takes a good finish. Doesn't
bend easily, but maintains excellent edges. Heavier and more stable than
basswood. Works well for frames and solid hulls. A good replacement for more
expensive woods. Yellow poplar can be used as a substitute in appearance for
black walnut and black cherry. Poplar is one of the most common hardwoods in Purple heart (Peltogyne) is generally
not suited for modeling. However, its pale to deep reddish-brown color is
desirable for certain natural finish applications such as fittings and trim.
Quite hard with tight straight grain and fine to moderately coarse texture.
It is very stable, glues well and takes a good finish. Dulls tools quickly.
Has a medium brown color when cut, but quickly deepens to reddish-brown. An
excellent bottom for half hulls, but requires a hammer and chisel to carve. Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) is
a reddish - brown wood with an open grain. Very soft and tends to fray when
cut. Finishes well. If not sealed, will turn gray with age. Not suitable for
modeling. Rosewood, Bolivian (Machaerium acutifolium) A hard, heavy fine grained variable patterened wood ans has a deep
chocolate brown to purple black color. Machines well. Satin walnut - See gum. Satinwood (Fagara flava) ranges in color from cream to golden yellow. Has a
bright, satiny sheen when finished. Will take a smooth finish. A fine uniform
texture, but grain varies from straight to wavy producing a mottled effect.
Turns well. Good for cabinetwork and inlays, but becoming rare. Dust might
cause skin irritation. West Indian and Spruce, Sycamore, American (Platanus occidentalis) has a white, hard, close interlocking
grain. Has a medium texture, is moderately light, and relatively strong. Cuts
cleanly and takes a good finish. Sharp tools are required. Excellent for
planking, because it bends and twists easily and holds its shape. Probably
should be painted. Widely used by model makers. Sycamore, English is in the maple family and has a cream color with a
straight, fine grain. Called harewood when dyed
silver-gray, it turns and carves easily if the tools are sharp. Also bends
readily, but not especially recommended for modeling. Turns well and finishes
well but only stains fair. Teak (Tectona grandis)
is a light, golden brown wood with darker streaks. Grain is coarse and oily,
making it mostly unsuitable for model work. Abrasive nature is hard on tools.
Suitable for spars due to its straight, tough grain. Tulipwood (Dalbergia frutescens) Pink to yellow hard dense wood with
significant stripes of violet, rose and salmon. Irregular medium to fine
grain.
Walnut, Black (Juglans nigra). American black walnut is a uniform dark purple
brown. Even but coarse, open grain limits modeling applications. Can be used
for frames, keels, and some planking if the grain is carefully selected.
Works easily, is hard, strong, and stiff. Free from warping or cracking.
Bends easily when steamed or heated. Sands to an excellent finish. Cuts and
carves exceptionally well, but usually can't obtain fine detail. Great for
half hulls when used in combination with cherry. Also makes good baseboards.
Yellow poplar can be used as a substitute in appearance for black walnut. Red
gum can be used as a substitute in appearance for black walnut. Walnut, Brazilian / Imbuia (Phoebe porosa) Yellow to
olive to chocolate brown in color with plain or variegated fine grain. Use
protection when machining due to possible irritation. Walnut, Claro (Juglans) Dark chocolate
brown color with wavy and curly grain. Similar to Black Walunt
in characteristics but with a more significant grain pattern. Carefully
chosen Wenge (Millettia) A coarse
grain heavy and dense straight grained wood. Dark brown with black and light
brown streaks. Difficult to work. Not suitable for model work. Whitebeam - See mountain ash. Whitewood - See spruce. Yew (Taxus baccata)
is almost as hard as oak with a red-brown color and fairly visible growth rings.
Texture is fine and even, grain is usually straight. Doesn't bend easily. Yellowheart (Euxlophora paraensis) Consistent bright yellow, fine straight
grained hardwood. Machines and turns well. Zebrawood (Microberlinia brazzavillenis) Coarse grained tan to golden yellow with
streaks of black and dark brown. Heavy hardwood. Not suitable for mosel work. SUMMARY OF WOOD APPLICATIONS Planking and decks: Apple, basswood, box, cherry, elm, gum, holly,
larch, maple, pear, sycamore, and tupelo. Frames: Apple, ash, basswood, birch, box, cherry, degame, elm, holly, maple, pear, and tupelo. Bent frames: Apple, ash, basswood, box, elm, holly, and tupelo.
Masts and yards: Birch, box, degame,
pear, pine, spruce, and teak. Deck equipment: Apple, basswood, box, cherry, holly, maple, pear,
sycamore, and tupelo. Blocks and deadeyes: Apple, beech, box, cocobolo, holly, lignum vitae,
and pear. Solid hulls: Bass, cedar, jelutong,
pine (sugar and white), poplar, and tupelo. Deck houses: Apple, basswood, birch, box, cherry, gum, maple,
mahogany, pear, poplar, tupelo, and walnut. Treenails: Apple, bamboo, birch, box, cherry, holly, maple,
and pear. Carving: Apple, box, cherry, dogwood, holly, jelutong, degame, pear,
persimmon, tupelo, and whitebeam. Turning: Apple, box, cherry, dogwood, holly, pear, maple, satinwood,
and whitebeam. REFERENCES World
Woods in Color, by William A.
Lincoln; Identifying
Wood, A Practical Handbook for Craftsmen, by R. Bruce Hoadley, The
International Book of Wood, edited
by Martyn Bramwell, 1976,
out of print but available in libraries. BIBLIOGRAPHY A
Ship Modelmaker's Manual, John Bowen, Conway
Maritime Press Ltd., Chrysalis Books, 9 Blenheim Court, Brewery Road, London,
N7 9NT. Nautical Research
Journal, Nautical Research Guild, Scale
Model Sailing Ships, John Bowen, Ship
Modelling Hints & Tips, J.H. Craine, Ship
Modeler's Shop Notes, Nautical Research Guild. The
Fife Rail, Nautical Research and Model Ship Society, The
Main Wale, Woodcraft,
woodworker's supply catalog, Web Site: http://www.woodcraft.com/
Wood
Magazine, Better Homes and Gardens, Notes
from Joe McCleary (former NRG Director) from
presentation at the Second Nautical Research Guild/The Mariners' Museum
Symposium, April 1999 |
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