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Collecting & Investing Topics |
This document discusses in detail many aspects of
creating digital images of coins and similar numismatic items with a scanner.
Important technical factors are explained for those who may need or like to better
understand the trade-offs and other issues involved in the process. Next,
suggestions on equipment and software for scanning coins are provided. Finally,
an easy to follow procedure gives step by step instructions for creating
scanned coin images suitable for the world wide web.
NOTE: The original version of this document was
written in early 1997. Digital cameras have advanced considerably since then.
If you're deciding between purchasing a scanner or a digital camera, the camera
may now be the better alternative, especially since it can be used for other
things that a scanner cannot. Image "post-processing" - described in
the Step by Step Procedure below - is similar.
Scanning Coins vs. Scanning Coin Photographs
Image Resolution
Monitor Resolution
Magnification, Storage and Download Time Considerations
Thumbnails
Image Formats
Choosing Hardware and Software
Background
Scanned images of coins can be used for many
purposes, not the least of which is to "spruce up" any numismatic web
site. I began scanning coins and including the results on the web in 1994.
After numerous requests for tips on scanning coins, I created this page to make
detailed information available to everyone.
This discussion is oriented towards producing coin
images to be displayed on computer monitors, such as on web sites. Many points
are also applicable when the intended result is hardcopy.
Technical Considerations
Since the goal is not just to create coin images
but high quality images that enhance a web site, let's first look
at some of the major technical factors that come into play.
Scanning Coins vs. Scanning
Coin Photographs
Is it preferable to scan coins directly or to
photograph them and scan prints of the film?
The answer depends on your objective. Film offers
higher resolution than scanners currently available in the local computer
store. When the quality of the image is the overriding objective, photographing
the coin and scanning the photograph usually produces the best results,
provided that high quality equipment, film, paper and processing, as well as
lighting suitable for coin photography are utilized. Scanning a photograph is
generally advisable for high magnification images of coin details (for example,
of die varieties) and may be necessary for very high relief or dark coins.
Placing the coin itself on a flatbed scanner is
considerably faster and less expensive than making and scanning a photograph.
This technique can produce images of up to 70 times actual size (see next two
sections) suitable for most purposes, including personal and business oriented
web pages. It usually works even with coins in slabs or other holders (for best
results, remove coins from holders such as flips and 2x2s).
A digital camera may now provide comparable or
superior results, provided it has sufficiently high resolution and a macro
capability. Adapters for video cameras that digitize images are also available
and may produce satisfactory results. Details on those devices are outside the
scope of this document.
Prior to 2001, all coin images on this web site
were produced by scanning coins directly on a flatbed scanner. We have since
begun using a digital camera.
Image Resolution
When an object is scanned, a digital
representation is created. A matrix of discrete "picture elements"
(pixels) representing individual points on the surface form a picture of the
original object.
The image resolution or scanning resolution
is the number of samples per unit of distance. The higher the scanning
resolution, the finer the details that will be present in the resulting image.
Of course, as resolution increases, the size of the file needed to store it
increases, too.
The optimum resolutions to scan and display coins
depend on factors considered below. In most cases, the image resolution will be
between 72 and 600 pixels per inch, also known as "dots per inch" or
"dpi" (divide dpi by 2.54 to get dots per centimeter).
Because an image has two dimensions - a width and
a height - its size (number of pixels) increases proportionally to the square
of the scanning resolution. When you double the scanning resolution, say from
150 to 300 dpi, the result is four times as many pixels.
Monitor Resolution
Computer monitors display many thousands of
pixels. The monitor resolution (or, more generally, device resolution)
is a measure of how closely spaced the pixels are displayed. Monitor
resolutions vary from one computer to another and are even configurable on some
machines. In many cases, monitor resolution is at or near 72 dpi.
Because monitor resolution varies from one
computer to another, the physical size of a given image also varies between the
machines. An image that is 72 pixels wide and 72 pixels high will be displayed
in a one inch by one inch square when the monitor resolution is 72 dpi. On
another computer with a monitor resolution of 100 dpi, the same image will
appear smaller, because the pixels are spaced closer together.
The very important point here is that the width
and height of an image may be substantially different when viewed on a
different computer or when printed. Some image processing programs report
size in units such as inches or centimeters. In my opinion, that confuses the
issue, because it's based on an assumption about device resolution which is
invalid when images are shared over computer networks. It's more useful to know
the width and height of an image in pixels, since they are device
independent. To determine the physical size for any specific device, divide the
number of pixels by the device resolution.
Magnification, Storage and
Download Time Considerations
Scanning at higher resolution captures finer
details in a coin. On the other hand, the resulting image occupies more disk
space and takes more time to transfer over a computer network, such as when
downloaded from a web site.
The longer it takes to download a web document,
the greater the chance that the viewer will decide to interrupt the transfer
and go to another site. My rule of thumb is that a web page should download
over a 28.8K modem in under 30 seconds (some connections are slower and
therefore download time is longer). That means the total size of all files used
in the page should be limited to about 100 kilobytes.
Ideally, image magnification is high enough for
the design details of the coin to be clear and small enough that transfer time
is reasonable.
Thumbnails
<
style='color:black'>A single high resolution coin image can be a few hundred
kilobytes to over a megabyte. A useful technique for making large images
available is to include a much smaller "thumbnail" version of the
image in a document and link it to a higher resolution image. Download time for
the main document does not become excessive, and anyone interested can see the
enlarged version by clicking on the thumbnail. The gold coin pictured here is
an example.
Image Formats
After scanning a coin, you will save the image in
a file.There are dozens of digital image file formats and a lot of software for
converting from one format to another. Images used on the web should be in a
format that browsers will display. The only two formats which virtually all web
browsers are currently capable of displaying are:
- Compuserve Graphics
Interchange Format (GIF)
- Joint Photographics
Experiment Group (JPEG) format
GIF generally gives better results for digitally
created art work, and JPEG generally gives better results for photographs.
Either format is suitable for most coin scans. JPEG images can frequently be
stored in somewhat less disk space. GIF has the advantage that an image can
have a transparent background. One color can be designated as transparent - in
our case, the color outside the perimeter of the coin would be selected.
Whatever lies underneath transparent portions of the image (e.g. the background
of a web page) will be displayed by software that supports transparency,
including most browsers. In my opinion, transparency tilts the balance in favor
of GIF for most coin images on the web.
Choosing Hardware and Software
If you don't already have a scanner, you may be
wondering which ones are suitable for scanning coins (and anything else you
expect to scan). You'll also need software to drive the scanner and to
manipulate and save the images you create.
Handheld scanners are not suitable for scanning
coins. A flatbed scanner is mandatory. You will need a model with a communications
interface compatible with your computer. PC and Mac versions of many popular
models are available.
A scanner that uses a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)
sensor is preferable to one that uses a Contact Image Sensor (CIS). CCD
scanners are better able to capture objects that are not directly on the
scanner surface, such as coins in slabs.
Many scanners come with software which attempts to
produce higher resolutions images than the device can actually "see"
by interpolating between pixels. This "enhanced" resolution is often
cited in advertising for the product. Ignore it! The only figure that
matters is the optical resolution of the scanner. No additional details are
captured at resolutions higher than the optical resolution.
For professional use, I recommend a scanner with
an optical resolution of at least 600 dpi. At 600 dpi, details of die varieties
with significant "spread" can be captured. For personal use, 300 dpi
may be satisfactory. Images on the web will often be at a lower resolution
anyway. Flatbed scanners with 300 dpi optical resolution are available for
under US$100, and 600 dpi optical resolution scanners are also relatively
inexpensive.
Scanners are often bundled with an image
processing program, and other software can be purchased separately. Among the
most popular packages are Corel PhotoPaint and Adobe Photoshop. Keep in mind
that you will probably want to use the software for a lot more than just
driving the scanner (e.g. to annotate images or to create special effects).
Photoshop is a great all around image processing program, but less expensive
software will suffice if you just want to create scanned coin images.
Step by Step Procedure
Once your scanner and image processing software
are installed, we're ready to scan! The process may appear to be long and
complicated. That's only because I've described it in great detail, so that
most anyone will be able to follow along. After a little practice, you should
be able to scan, process and save a "web-ready" image of one side of
a coin in 5 to 10 minutes.
Some of the instructions below are specific to my
setup, but the process will be similar with others. Check the manuals for your
scanner and software when you don't find options in the places indicated below.
Note: steps 16 and 17 were applied
to the intermediate images shown at steps 9, 11 and 12, so that they would be
visible in a web document.
1. Getting Started. Turn on the scanner and
start up your image processing program. Place one or more coins on the scanner surface.
A soft flip will help protect the coin from damage when the lid is closed. The
Scanjet 4C gives the effect of a light source located at its front. Rotate the
coin so that the light hits the coin devices from a complementary direction. Avoid
dragging coins or other objects on the scanner surface!
2. Preview. Direct the image processing program to import an image from
the scanner (in Photoshop 4.0, File->Import->Twain Acquire). The software
may launch another program that drives the scanner (for the Scanjet 4C, the
DeskScan II program that came with it). Start a "Preview" operation,
if it isn't launched automatically. A preview is a low quality image of what's
on the scanner surface.
3. Image Type. Scanner drivers often have
multiple image types, such as black and white drawing and color photo, and may
guess which one best applies to what's on the scanner. "Millions of
Colors" or "Sharp Millions of Colors" work best for coins. If
necessary, override the "Type" accordingly.
4. Set the Scanner Resolution. You can and will tweak the image after
the actual scan. First, you must get the raw working material, and the most
important parameter to set at this point is its resolution. In general, a final
resolution of 150 dpi is satisfactory for larger coins, and 300 dpi is
advisable for smaller ones. Scanning at higher than the final resolution
enables a higher magnification image to be made later without rescanning the
coin (reducing the resolution is covered in Step 11). A resolution of at least
600 dpi is advisable for RPMs, die doubling and other fine details, although
going above the optical resolution of the scanner buys you little if any
improvement in detail.
The interface to set the scanner resolution is
effectively hidden by the DeskScan II interface. Click "Custom" and
select "Print Path" from the pulldown menu. Enter the desired
scanning resolutions in the Horizontal and Vertical Resolution boxes. Give the
configuration a name, then click on the "Add" button followed by the
"OK" button. You'll only need to do this once for each scan
resolution. Later, you will be able to choose settings from the Path pulldown
menu.
Change the "Path" setting to get the
desired scanning resolution, if necessary.
5. Zoom on the Area of Interest. Click on the preview image outside the
rectangular selection area created during the preview to remove the rectangle.
Drag a new rectangle encompassing the actual area of interest (the rectangle
need not be right at the borders of the coin, as excess space will be cropped
later). Click "Zoom" in the software window to get a close up of the
area selected.
6. Adjust Brightness and Contrast. Re-select the area of interest again,
if necessary. Note the Brightness and Contrast settings, in case you want to
return to them. Click the "yin/yang" button and the Brightness and
Contrast will be automatically adjusted for the selection area. Manually change
the values, if not satisfied with the automatic levels. You'll be able to fine
tune these parameters later, but any unusually dark areas should be removed now
by increasing the brightness and/or reducing the contrast.
7. Import the Image. Click the "Final" button (or equivalent)
to scan the image into your image processing program.
8. Save the Raw Image. Save a copy of the image in the software's
"native format" before doing much to it. If you later decide to do
things differently, you can open the saved image rather than scanning the coin
again.
9. Cropping and Rotating. Crop excessive space around the coin. Rotate
the image to the desired orientation, as necessary. In Photoshop 4.0, select
"Rotate Canvas" from the "Image" pulldown menu. An
"Arbitrary" rotation angle is usually necessary. In fact, you will
usually need to rotate, undo the operation, and redo it a few times to get the
right angle. Save the image again (this is the last time overwriting the
originally saved copy is advisable).
Grey parts of the background in
the adjacent image are from the original scan. White parts at the corners are
the result of new pixels added to the image during rotation.
10. Color and Brightness. Adjust the color and brightness settings, if
desired (I usually don't).
11. Image Resolution. The remaining steps involve preparing your image
for display, which is assumed here to be on the web. Reduce the image
resolution to the final value, if not the same as the scanned resolution. For
inclusion on a web page, 150 dpi is appropriate, except for smaller coins which
may require 300 dpi for legends to be clear. In Photoshop 4.0, select
"Image Size" from the Image pulldown menu, change the
"Resolution" to the desired value and click on the "OK"
button.
12. Sharpen the Image. Details in the reduced size image can be made
clearer by performing a Sharpen operation. For Photoshop 4.0, select
"Sharpen" from the "Filters" pulldown menu. The regular
"Sharpen" option in the submenu that appears seems to work best most
of the time.
At this point we could jump
to step 16 and save a usable image. If you want to include both sides in one
file, continue with step 13.
13. Scan the Other Side. Repeat steps 2-12 for the other side of the
coin.
14. Open a New Window. Create a new frame (File->New) large enough
for both sides of the coin. Make sure the color mode is RGB, not indexed.
Choose a background color that's not in the coin images (white usually works).
15. Copy Images to the New Window. Next, we want to copy each side of
the coin, minus the "noise" outside it to the new window. If the coin
is disk shaped, drag an elliptical marquee around it (easier if you first crop
virtually all excess space on the left and top sides). The goal is to exclude
everything outside the coin without losing any of the coin itself. Copy the
selected area to your computer's clipboard (Edit->Copy). Drag the marquee
into the new frame. Move it to one side of the frame or the other. Copy the
contents of the clipboard into the new window (Edit->Paste). Repeat with the
image of the other side of the coin. For a coin that's not disk shaped, this
step will not be so easy, and you may have to live with some excess background
from the scan.
16. Convert to Indexed Color. When the final image uses an
"RGB" format such as JPEG, proceed to step 17. For GIF images, the
image type must be converted from RGB to Indexed Color. Because no more than
256 colors can be displayed simultaneously in most web browsers - and that's
for everything in it, not just one image - use no more than 128 (7 bit) colors.
In most cases 32 or 64 colors (5 or 6 bits) are enough and result in a smaller
file. If you're prompted about flattening layers, do it.
17. Save the Image. Select "Save As" from the File pulldown
menu. Set the output format to JPEG or GIF, as desired. Enter a new filename
and click the "OK" button.
18. Make the Image Background Transparent (optional). Many image editing
and web authoring tools enable one color of a GIF image to be specified as
transparent. I use Adobe PageMill for this purpose.
Congratulations,
you now have a high quality digital coin image!