A. Read pages 221-223.
Due 19 March.
Terms &
Concepts: Understand
the relationship between energy and a Calorie.
Be
aware that this is just another measure of energy similar to the “Joule.”
Appreciate that cell respiration
takes place in the mitochondria
of eukaryotic
cells. Compare the basic structure of the mitochondria to that of chloroplasts.
Use the diagram on page 222 to see the three distinct stages of cell
respiration and their relationship to one another. Be sure that you can
write
the complete balance equation
for cell respiration (on page 222). In addition,
be able to discuss the similarities and differences between this
chemical
equation and that of photosynthesis from the previous chapter.
Be able to
outline and discuss the events of glycolysis,
the
first stage of cell respiration. Appreciate that this stage does not
require
oxygen; eg it is anaerobic.
Understand how the 6-carbon glucose is ultimately
broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvic
acid (or pyruvate) molecules. Most
importantly understand that glycolysis uses up 2 molecules of ATP in order to
make 4 ATP’s and 2 NADH
molecules. As you read further, understand where the
NADH molecules go and what they are used for. Remember, they are
carrying hydrogen
ions and high
energy electrons.
Questions
pages 237-238: 1-5, 11, 12..
B. Read
pages 226-227. Due 23 March . (yes, we are skipping some
pages for now)
:Terms &
Concepts: Use the diagram on page 227
to understand the events of the Krebs
cycle (also known as the Citric
Acid
cycle). Appreciate the relationship between the pyruvic
acid produced during
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Be aware that pyruvic acid is modified
to a
2-carbon molecule that is then combined with 4-carbon, oxalic acid. Be able to describe the
break down of this
molecule into carbon dioxide
and 4-carbon molecules which regenerate the oxalic
acid. Be particularly aware of the production of ATP during this
process and
the transfer of high energy electrons and hydrogen ions to NADH and FADH.
.Understand that the Krebs cycle requires oxygen (and therefore is aerobic)
even though oxygen is not directly involved in these reactions.
Questions
pages 237-238: 7, 14-16, 20.
C. Read
pages 228-229. Due 25 March.
Terms &
Concepts: Use
the diagram on page 228 to understand the
structure and function of the electron
transport system (the ETS). Appreciate
the fate of the high energy electrons carried to the ETS by NADH and
FADH from
glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Understand how the ETS molecules create
a high
concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane
space of the mitochondria
and the role of ATP synthase
in using that concentration gradient to produce
ATP. In addition, understand the role of oxygen
as the final electron acceptor
in this process and the production of water
as a consequence. Be able to describe
why the role of oxygen in this process also controls the activity of
the Krebs
cycle. Use the diagram on page 229 to outline the three stages of cell
respiration in terms of the location of these processes, the relative
amount of
ATP produced, and their dependence on oxygen.
Questions
pages 237-238: 8-9, 21, 24, 30
D. Read pages
224-225 and 230-231. Due 27 March.
Terms &
Concepts: Understand
that fermentation
is an alternative route after glycolysis when oxygen is not available
to
support the Krebs cycle and the ETS. Understand that both alcoholic and lactic
acid fermentation are essentially glycolysis with a few
additional steps that
are needed to regenerate the NAD needed to pick up the high energy
electrons
from glucose. Be able to describe examples of organisms that use
anaerobic
fermentation and some of the commercial uses of these processes.
Questions
pages 237-238: 10, 17-19, 22, 25, 26 E Read pages 232-233. Due 31 March. Terms & Concepts: Be
able to compare the processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration.
You will find the chart on page 232 helpful. Pay particular
attention to the location of each process, the reactants and products,
and the general equations for these reactions. In addition, be
sure that you understand the connection between photosynthesis and cell
respiration in terms of the carbon/oxygen cycle. Read the essay on
creatine on page 233. Understand the biological function of creatine in
your cells and its relationship to cell respiration and ATP. Appreciate
the controversy surrounding the use of this material by athletes. Questions
page 233: Complete the research and writing assignment on page 233. Be
sure you follow the instructions when you write your "editorial" and
include a page of citations of the web sites, books, newspaper
articles, etc. that you used to prepare your work.
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Homework Page.
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