Here is the PowerPoint outline for Chapter 11.  Remember to complete the application exercise at the end.

Before Records and Radio

•      Minstrel shows and vaudeville

•      Parlor room pianos

•      Player pianos

•      Tin Pan Alley and sheet music sales

Phonograph and Gramophone

•      Edison invents the phonograph in 1877

–   A machine that uses a wax cylinder

–   Edison tries to sell it for business
purposes (dictating)

•      Berliner and others improve the recording machine to create a gramophone in 1887 

–   By 1890s people start buying the machines to
play back music

Rise of Radio

•      Guglielmo Marconi invents radio transmitting in 1895

–  This is not powerful enough for voices, uses Morse code

–  It is adopted and developed by the
British Empire

•      In 1906 the radio is improved to send voice messages

•      Lee DeForest amplifies the sound further and envisions the development of broadcasting music, news and interesting talks

Radio Spectrum

•      Signals have to be sent at certain frequencies

•      Common frequency bands are

–   AM radio

–   Short wave radio

–   Citizens band

–   Television VHF

–   FM radio

–   Television UHF

RCA

•      U.S. government encourages the formation of a patent pool called RCA

•      Westinghouse finances first radio station in 1920

•      AT&T starts the first radio network
in 1922

–  AT&T initiates the sale of air time for advertising

•      Chicago Tribune (newspaper) starts WGN, a radio station in Chicago

•      1926: RCA buys AT&T’s radio network and stations and creates NBC

Broadcast Business

•           A network distributes a schedule of programs to interconnected stations

•           Types of stations

–        A station that is owned by a network is called O&O (owned and operated)

–        Other stations can get network programs by signing a contract of affiliation (affiliated stations)

–        Independent stations seek out programs from non-network sources

Government and Broadcasting

•      The government must assign frequencies to stations, otherwise station signals will interfere with each other

•      This task is first undertaken by the U.S. government in the 1912 Radio Act

•      In 1927 the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) licenses stations in exchange for compliance with various technical rules and for broadcasting in the “public interest”

•      1934 Act changes the FRC to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which continues to regulate broadcasting, telegraphs, phones and cable to this day

•      Broadcasting in the public interest is still a concern although it has never been precisely defined

Post World War II

•      1948: Long playing records (LPs) and 45s are introduced to recording industry

–  Transistors are invented which will lead to pocket radios in a few years

•      Broadcast networks switch their interest and advertising dollars from radio
to television

•      Many radio shows are transferred
to television

•      Radio re-invents itself by pursuing audience segments such as teenagers

Music Changes

•      Radio plays local music such as R&B, Country, etc.

•      Because of the possibility of radio play, grass roots record companies spring up

•      Major record companies become
more adventurous

•      Leads to the rock ‘n’ roll development

Payola Scandals

•      Payola scandals of 1950s weaken
disc jockeys and strengthen
program directors

•      This eventually leads to the rise of
radio formats

•      FM radio becomes commercially important in late 1970s and 1980s

•      Records are promoted in alternatives to radio such as

–  MTV

–  Listening kiosks

–  Webcasting

•      CDs are introduced in 1983

APPLICATION EXERCISE:    Ch. 11--Early Sounds