Aristotle: Founder of Logic
Philosophy 111: Introduction to LogicDr. E. Piscitelli
Purpose and Objectives: To introduce the student to the analysis of argument forms in ordinary language and to the fundamentals of symbolic logical analysis. The student will become competent in the basic logical operations on propositions. The student will be able to analyze and test arguments for validity in syllogistic form, to apply the truth table theory in proving the validity of arguments directly and indirectly, and to prove the validity of arguments using the method of deduction.
Classroom CM 222 Office: CM 374 Office Phone: 323-3356: Leave Message & Call-back Office Hours: Tuesday 12:15-1:15 PM. Virtual Office Hours by E-mail.
Summer Office Hours After Class
Green Links are Class Notes
Yellow Links are Supplementary
Unit I: The Scope and Limits of Logic and its Real Value.
Logic and its Place in Human Thought and Speech. Propositions and Arguments: What are they? Logical Truth and Falsity. Validity-Invalidity and Soundness. The Principle of Deductive Inference. Recognizing and Analyzing Arguments. Logical Methods: Deduction, Induction, and Abduction: Their Structure, Evidence, and Function. (Copi, Chapter 1) (Weeks 1-3) (Summer Week 1)
Kemerling: Introduction ** Section on Informal Fallacies is Not In the Required Curriculum of this course. For the students who are interested in fallacies in ordinary language see references below:
.Logical Fallacies Web Site
Kemerling: On Informal Fallacies:Of Relevance Ambiguity Presumption Unit II: Formal Logic of Ordinary Language:
The Categorical Proposition. What Are Categorical Propositions? What is their Structure? Immediate Inferences: Square of Opposition, Conversion, Obversion Contraposition. Existential Import. Venn Diagrams and Boolean Equations. The Syllogism. Structure: Mood and Figure, Standard Structural Form, Venn Diagrams. Rules For Validity. Standard Translation. Hypothetical Arguments, Disjunctive Arguments, Hypothetical Syllogisms, Dilemmas, Sorites and Enthymemes and other strange Beasts. (Copi, Ch. 7 + 8 + 9) (Weeks 4-8) (Summer Week 2-3)
Kemerling:Categorical Propositions Immediate Inferences Categorical Syllogisms Validity Ordinary Language
For Those Interested: Boolean Test For The Validity of The Categorical Syllogism (Optional -- Not Required)
If the instructor grants Extra Credit for students who made less than 71 points on the first exam, then: Click Here
If you are interested in the extension of Classical Traditional and Symbolic Logic,Take a look at Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic
Symbolic Logic
Bertrand Russell
Click on Picture or Name For Biography
Principia Mathematica on line Click Here
Unit III: The Elements of Symbolic Logic
Major events in the History of Logic The Need and Appropriateness of Symbolic Notation. Setting up a System of Symbolic Logic for Propositions. Logical Operations, Rules, and Truth Tables. Translating Logical Operations into a System of Deduction Truth Tables and Implicit Definition. Making and Interpreting Truth Tables. Argument Forms and Statement Forms. Translating Argument Forms into Propositional Forms. Testing Validity by Truth Tables. The Short Form Truth Table. The Meaning of Logical Equivalence. "Paradoxes of Material Implication"? The "Three Laws of Thought" (Copi Chapter 10) (Week 9-12) (Summer Week 4-5)
How To Express the Logical Operators in terms of Two Operators
Kemerling: On Symbols
Extra Credit If the instructor grants Extra Credit for students who made less than 70 points on the second exam: then click here. (5 points each = 40 points.
Unit IV: Method of Deduction
Setting Up a Formal Proof. The Rules of Inference. Validating the Rules. Replacement Rules. The General Replacement Rule. How the Rules Work In a Formal Proof. Proof of Invalidity 2. Indirect Proof of Validity. Conditional Proof (Copi Chapter 11) (Week 13-16) (Summer Week 5-6)
Click Here for Inference and Replacement Rules & Conditional Proof
Kemerling:Statement Forms Kemerling:Argument Forms Inference Rules Replacement Rules Method of Proof
Requirements:
NOTE: ALL GRADING INCLUDING THE NOTEBOOK IS WEIGHTED BY DEGREE OF DIFFICULTY ! THERE ARE NO MAKE-UP TESTS!
Grading 100=D 200=C 300=B 400+=A Extra Credit Perfect Class Attendance 25 points 3 Tests=+400 points Test # 1 Units I-II, Test #2 Unit III (#1+2 In Class),Test #3 Unit IV (Take Home Test.) EXTRA CREDIT: Note Book (Composition Style-Sewn) All Assigned Exercises in Note Book =100 points PLEASE NOTE! If notebook is NOT Composition Style, then 0 points! The Student MUST SCORE a total of 200 or MORE Points on the three tests to receive extra credit for Perfect Attendance or the Notebook. Please note that extra credit is at the discretion of the instructor. The Student must show a C - level of competence on the tests to receive any extra credit. NO W-Grades will be allowed after the Withdrawal Without Penalty Period. Text: An Introduction To Logic, Irving Copi, Latest Edition (12th). Office Hours: Room CM 374 Tuesday 10:00-11:00 AM, and 6:30-7:30 PM Ph:323-3356
Warning: Copi's Textbook is to be used ONLY for the EXERCISES. All the THEORY and EXPLANATIONS for this course are to be found in the links in the Green color coded blocks. If Copi's procedures are used on the tests, they will be marked wrong. Please Read The General Syllabus For All Classes For General Rules: Click HERE! for General Syllabus
Garth Kemerling's Logic Summary
Logic 1
---- Exercises ----
The following are all the exercises assigned for Logic I:
From The Introduction To Logic, by Irving Copi (Thirteenth Edition)
Pages Numbers
- 9-12 All unstarred Exercises
- 49-50 Do not diagram. All unstarred Exercises
- 187, 1-10
- 193, 1-10
- 198, 1-4
- 206 E, # 1-10
- 207 G, 1-15 Some merchants are not pirates = False
- 222, 2-20
- 243 (A) 1-15 Standard Structural Form --Venn Diagram -- Test By Rules
- 252 (A), 1-15 Standard Structural Form --Venn Diagram -- Test By Rules
- 253-254, 1-9
- 254-255, 1-9
- 280-281, 1-24
- 291-292, 2-11 skip #2
- 302-304, 1-19 [If ...then; Either...or]
- 327-328, A, 1-24
- 329 C, 1-24
- 340 B, 1-24
- 345 B, 7-24 Do As Short Tables - Indirect Proof
- 345 A ,1-9 Do As Long Tables Synoptic Form
- 355-356 B, 1-9 Do As Long Tables Synoptic Form
- 382-390, All Unstarred Exercises
- 406-417 All Unstarred Exercises
Schedule For Three Examinations for the Semester
For Final Exam Schedule Click Here
Structure of the First Test: (150+ Points)
Section I: Technical Definitions
Section II: Rules: You MUST STATE Rules, do not just give names of the rules!
Section III: Immediate Inferences in the Form [ If "All apples are fruit" is true, then is it true false or undetermined that "Some apples are fruit." Give the Reason for your answer. True Because it is a valid Alternation.
Section IV: Testing the Validity of Categorical Syllogisms. Determine the Validity of the following Syllogistic Arguments by putting each argument into its Standard Structural Form (+5), testing by Venn Diagram, and stating whether Valid or Invalid ; and if Invalid, then stating all Rules that are broken (+5). If any one item is wrong, then +6 points. If Standard Structural Form is wrong, then 0 points.
Section V: Construct Valid Arguments from the following Premises. Put each argument in Standard Structural Form and test by Venn Diagram.
Section VI: Hypothetical and Disjunctive Arguments. Put the arguments in structural form and determine their validity-invalidity. State Rules followed or broken.
Structure of the Second Test: 140 points
Section I: Truth Table Basics 10 points
Section II: If A and B are true, and X and Y are false, and P and Q are unknown; what are the truth values of the following expressions? You MUST USE the INFERENCES from truth tables to get credit. (+5@)
Section III: Using the SYNOPTIC FORM of the LONG truth tables, determine whether the following are tautologies, contradictions, or contingent schemata: (+5@) You MUST state whether the proposition is a tautology, contradiction, or contingent schema.
Section IV: Prove the following argument forms valid or invalid using the SYNOPTIC FORM of the LONG truth tables:(+5@) Do not Forget To Write VALID OR INVALID!
Section V: Using the SHORT truth table method, of INDIRECT PROOF show whether the following are valid or invalid: (+5@) Do not Forget To Write VALID OR INVALID!
Section VI: Challenge Question 15 pts
Section VII: Challenge Question 10 pts
Final Examination Click Here Final Examination
