·         Adaptations

o       Circulatory system

§         Fluid – blood

§         Pump – heart

§         Tubes – vessels – vascular system

·         Blood – fluid tissue – plasma in which RBC, WBC, and platelets are found

o       Plasma – mostly water in which RBC, WBC, and platelets are suspended and in which the following are dissolved (straw colored

§         Nutrients – sugars, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, water, lipids

§         Wastes

§         Dissolved inorganic ions

§         Proteins

ú         Antibodies

ú         Enzymes

ú         Clotting factors

§         Hormones

o       Platelets  - cell fragments

§         Help blood clotting

o       RBC

§         when mature, lack nuclei

§         Bi-concave disc (flattened doughnuts)

§         AKA erythrocytes – red cell

§         Contains hemoglobin (iron

§         Transports oxygen

§         Malfunction – Anemia

§         Made in bone marrow

o       WBC  - leukocytes – defends against foreign agents

§         Several types

ú         Phagocytes – engulf and destroy bacteria

ú         Lymphocytes   produce antibodies against foreign molecules (antigen {antibody generator})

·         Antibody – attacks antigen

·         Antigen – something that causes disease

§         Malfunction - Leukemia

·         Immunity – antibody formation to resist disease

o       2 types

§         active immunity – in response to contact with the disease causing organism or a vaccine (weakened virus)

ú         memory

§         passive immunity – temporary immunity by injection of antibodies

o       Allergies

§         Response to dust, pollen, insect bites, etc

§         As though they are antigens – release histamines and create swelling

o       Application

Type	Surface Antigen	Antibodies Produced	Donate To	Receive From
A	A	anti B	A, AB	A, O
B	B	anti A	B, AB	B, O
AB	AB	none	AB	A, B, AB, O – universal receiver
O	none	anti A, B	universal donor – A, B, AB, O		O (only)

§         Blood typing and organ transplantation

§         Positive – RH +. Negative – Rh-

o       AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

§         Caused by a virus called HIV – Human Immuno Deficiency Virus

·         ICF – intracellular fluid – lymph – plasma

o       Derived from blood – parrallel to blood vesels

o       Plasma – surrounds all cell of the body

o       When ICF passes into lymph vessels, it is called lymph

§         Lymph restores plasma

§         Lymph – part of immune system – Lymphnodes

ú         Important in absorption of fat from small intestine

ú         Plasma àICF à lymph à (back to) plasma

·         Transport Vessels

o       Arteries – carry blood away from heart, thick walled – strong force – muscular blood vessels. Carry blood to all parts of the body that have a pulse.

§         Cary nutrients especially oxygen to cells

o       Veins – carry bloods toward the heart

§         Thin walled valves in veins prevent backflow

§         Carry CO2 and wastes from cells

§         Carry blood Into the heart

o       Capillaries

§         Exchange between blood and ICF across these vessels

§         Very tiny – one cell thick

§         Diffusion

o       Lymph vessels

§         Very small tubes

§         Walls – one cell thick

§         Contain phagocytes (defense)

o       Aneurism – can cause an artery to burst and bleed a lot