1) Genghiz Khan

·         son of a warrior

·         born to be a great warrior

·         strategist

·         prepared nation for war

·         used strict military discipline

·         demanded loyalty

·         outfitted soldiers with knives, spears, well trained horses

·         had respect for religions, customs, and other fighters

·         created safe routes for trade (silk road)

2) Kublai Khan

·         grandson of Genghiz Khan

·         defeated last Song emperor in 1279

·         from his capital (Cambulac= present day Beijing) ruled all of China, as well as Korea, Tibet, + Vietnam

·         Decreed only Mongols could serve in military

·         reserved highest govt. jobs for Mongols

·         called his dynasty: Yuan dynasty

·         converted Cambulac into a walled city

·         rebuilt and extended the Grand Canal to his new capital (many lives lost)

3) Marco Polo

·         Italian merchant

·         visited Yuan dynasty in 1271 with his father + Uncle

·         In A Description of the World leaves vivid account of wealth and splendor of China

·         described the efficient royal mail system (Couriers riding swift ponies along well kept roads)

·         reported that the city Hangzhou was 10 or 12 time sthe size of Venice (where Polo was from)

4) Yuan Dynasty

·         Kublai Khan ruled in 1279 when last Song Emperor was defeated

·         Government

Ø      kept Mongols from being absorbed into Chinese civilazations

Ø      only Mongols in military

Ø      arab architects design palace

Ø      welcomed many foreigners to Kublai's court- African Muslem traveler Ibn Battuta

Ø      Marco polo visited and described elegance and beauty

Ø      Mongols tolerated variety of beliefs

Ø      Chinese products moved towards Europe- gunpowder, porcelain + playing cards

5) Ming Dynasty-

·         restored civil service system

·         Confucian learning became road to success

·         board of censors watched over bureaucracy (rooted out corruption and disloyalty0

·         economy was productive

·         home to industries such as porcelain, paper + tools

·         repaired canal system

·         better methods of printing led to more books

·         revival of arts and literature

·         writers wrote first detective stories

·         developed opera (combined music, dance, + drama)

·         voyage of Zheng He

Ø      1405, head of fleet of 62 ships

Ø      crew of 25,000 sailors

Ø      ships were 400 feet long

Ø      goal was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across the western seas

Ø      1405-1433- explored coasts of Southeast Asia + India and entrances to Red Sea + Persian Gulf

Ø      brought back the qilin (giraffe)

Ø      1433- he died- Ming emperor banned the ships

o       fleets were costly

o       didn't produce profits

o       Confucian scholars had no interest

6) Archipelago

·         Japan is located on an archipelago

·         chain of islands

·         about 100 miles off Asian mainland

·         4 main islands = Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, + Sikoku

7) Kami

·         clan gods and goddesses

·         generally nature spirits

·         a spirit who was believed to be the original ancestor of an early Japanese clan

8) Kana

·         phonetic symbols representing syllables

9) Yomato Clan

·         dominated a corner of Honshu

·         heartland of Japanese govt.

·         first and only Japanese dynasty

·         claimed direct descent from the sun goddess, Amaterasu

·         rising sun was symbol

10) Ring of Fire

11) Shinto

·         never evolved into religion

·         means " the way of the gods"

12) The Korean Bridge

13) Hokkaido

• Japanese island

14) Honshu

• Japanese island

15) Kyushu

• Japanese island

16) Shi Kokn

17) Sea of Japan

18) Sea of Okinotsk

19) Heian period

• 794-1185
• wealthy court families like the Fujiwara wielded real power
• emperors preformed religious ceremonies
• fairytale atmosphere with pavilions, gardens, + lotus pools
• Sei Shonagon wrote The Pillow Book- gave vivid detail in court manners, decor, + dress
• Lady Murasaki wrote The Tale of Genji- considered first novel- composed in 1010- recounts the lives and loves of the fictional Price Genji and his son

20) Shogun

·         had real power

·         supreme military commander

21) Daimyo

·         great warrior lords

22) Samurai

·         lesser warriors

23) Bushido

·         developed code of values

·         code emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one's lord

24) Kabuki

·         1600s- new form of drama

25) Haiku

·         miniature poems adapted from the Chinese

26) Tokugawa shogunate

·         ruled Japan until 1868

·         determined to end feudal warfare

·         system of govt. = centralized feudalism

·         created unified, orderly society

·         to control daimyo, they ruled he must stay in Edo (Tokyo) every other year, wife and children remained in Edo full time,  Daimyo forbidden to marry or repair castle without permission

·         only samurai could serve in military or hold govt. jobs

·         samurais expected to follow traditions of bushido

·         peasants had to remain on land

·         lower classes forbidden to wear silk

·         women faced restrictions

·         agriculture improved and expanded

·         rapid population growth due to surplus of food

·         trade flourished within Japan

27) Centralized Feudalism- see above #26 (everything following system of govt.)

28) Zen Buddhism

·         won acceptance among samurai

·         emphasized meditation and devotion to duty

·         Zen monks were scholars that emphasized the importance of reaching a moment of "non knowing"

·         stressed compassion for all

·         believed people could seek enlightenment through the precise performance of everyday tasks

29) No plays

·         1300s, feudal culture produced No plays on a square wooden stage without scenery

·         represented Zen Buddhist themes, emphasizing the need to renounce selfish desires

·         recounted fairy tales or the struggles between powerful lords

30) Essays in idleness

·         important prose work of the feudal period

·         loosely organized collection of 243 shorts essays by a Zen Buddhist priest named Kenko

31) Hijra

·         Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib)

·         Muhammad was faced with the threat of murder when he made the trip in 622 (first year of Arab calendar)

32) Hajj

·         pilgrimage to Mecca Arabs are expected to make at least once in their lives

33) Caliph

·         successor to Muhammad

·         Abu Bakr was elected first caliph

34) Mosque

·         house of worship where Muslims prefer to gather to pray

35) Prophet Muhammad

·         born in Mecca in 570

·         grew up as a successful merchant

·         The angel Gabriel came to him while meditating with the word of god

·         Muhammad's Hijra (see #31)

·         In Medina he was welcomed as ruler, lawgiver, and god's prophet

·         630- destroyed idols in Kaaba (in Mecca)

·         632- he died

36) Allah

·         Arabic word for one all powerful, compassionate god

37) Abu Bakr

·         first caliph (after Muhammad's death)

38) Islam

·         religion Muslims follow

·         based on strict monotheism

·         Muhammad spread Islam

·         sacred text = Quran

·         there are 5 pillars of Islam

39) Five Pillars of Islam

·         5 basic duties all Muslims accept

1.      declaration of faith = "there is no god but god"

2.      daily prayer = after a ritual of washing Muslims face Mecca to pray, often gather in mosques

3.      giving charity to the poor

4.      fasting from sunrise to sunset during the Ramadan

5.      Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime

40) Mecca, Medina

·         Muhammad's journey was from Mecca to Medina, call Hijra

·         Medina was originally called Yathrib

41) Sharia

·         immense body of law interpreting the Quran and applying its teachings to daily life

·         the system of law regulates moral conduct, family life, business practices, government, and other aspects of a Muslim community

·         helped unite the many people that converted to Islam

42) People of the Book

·         Muslims believe that the Quran and Islam was god's last revelation and that the Torah and bible contain partial revalations

·         feel "people of the book" are spiritually superior to polytheistic idol worshippers

·         enjoyed religious freedom

43) Sultan

·         1055, a Seljuk sultan, authority, controlled Baghdad but he left Abbassid caliph as a figurehead

44) Kaaba

·         In Mecca, Muhammad destroyed the idols there

45) Sunni

·         a group that makes up about 90% of Muslims

·         felt caliph should be chosen by leaders of Muslim community

·         agreed caliph should be pious but viewed him as a leader not as a religious authority

46) Shiites

·         a group that makes up about 9% of Muslims

·         felt caliph could only be a true successor to the prophet (descendants of Muhammad)

·         believed descendants were divinely inspired

47) Sufis

·         a group of Muslim mystics that make up about 1% of Muslims

·         sought communication with god through meditation, fasting, and other rituals

·         respected for piety and miraculous powers

48) Fatima and Ali

·         daughter and son-in-law of Muhammad

·         Shiites believed their descendants could be the only ones to become caliph

49) Tamerlane

·         1398, he invaded India

·         plundered northern plain and smashed into Delhi

50) Dome of the Rock

·         Muslims built it in Jerusalem (architecture they adapted from Byzantine buildings)

·         a great shrine capped with a magnificent dome 

51) Taj Mahal

·         Shah Jahan had a stunning tomb built for his dead wife, tomb = Taj Mahal

52) Urdu

·         a new language evolved from persian, Arabic, and Hindi

53) Sikhism

·         Nanak's teachings led to a new religion, Sikhism, in northern India

·         a blend of Muslim monotheism and Hindu beliefs

·         preached the unity of god, the brotherhood of man, the rejection of caste, and the futility of idol worship

·         Sikhs organized into military forces that clashed with the powerful Mughal rulers of India

54) Akbar the Great

·         the chief builder of the Mughal empire

·         long reign from 1556 to 1605

·         created a strong central govt.

·         although a Muslim, won support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration

·         opened govt. jobs to Hinud's of all castes

·         ended tax on non Muslims

·         married a Hindu princess

·         used paid officials in place of heredity officeholders

·         modernized the army

·         encouraged international trade

·         introduced land reforms

55) al- Khwarizmi

·          

56) Rabiah al- Adawiyya

·         one of the earliest Sufis

·         rejected marriage and devoted her life to prayer

·         in her poetry, she urged Muslims to worship God selflessly without hope or reward

57) Golden Age of Muslims (see notes and handout)

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