Chapter 13 4 & 5
1) Identify
a)
Ring of fire- the area of the
b) Shinto-a Japanese religion that left its mark on the Asian culture
2) Define
a) Archipelago- a chain of islands
b) Kami- clan gods
c) Kana- phonetic symbols representing syllables
3)
Describe two ways geography affected
a)
4)
a) What aspects of Japanese life were influenced by
a) They gave the Heavenly Emperor all the power like in monarchy. They made a central government and a law code just like the Chinese.
b) They acquired only customs and laws that they wanted and modified them
5) How did women influence culture at the Heian court?
a) Through there writings
1)
Identify
a)
Tokugawa leyasu-
b)
Zen- a type of Buddhism
2)
Define
a)
Shogun-supreme military commander
b)
Daimyo- great warrior lords
c)
Samurai- lesser lords
d)
Bushido- a code of the warriors
e)
Kabuki- a Japanese form of drama
f)
Haiku- a Japanese form of poetry
adapted from
3)
A) Who held the most power in feudal
a)
The emperor held the most power
b) The bushido emphasized honor, bravery, and absolute loyalty to one’s lord
4)
Describe three results of centralized feudalism.
a)
It created a unified and orderly society
b)
The new w government held strict morale code witch led to women decline
in power
c)
Economy flourished
6) Why do you think the Tokugawas wanted to restrict the role of women?
Maybe they were threatened by women and wanted them to “stay in the kitchen” and not have lives of their own.
7) What did Zen Buddhism emphasize?
They emphasized meditation and devotion to duty. They also searched for freedom
8) How did Zen
Buddhism shape
Zen Buddhists helped upper-class men express devotion to nature. They showed how enlightenment could be reached in everyday activities like serving tea.
1)
Identify
a)
b)
Kaaba- ancient palace of worship for Muslims
c)
Khadija- Muhammad’s wife
d)
Quran- Muslims holy book. Written in it is are the prophecies of
Muhammad
e)
Sharia- system of laws taken from the Quran
f)
People of the book- Muslims consider Jews and
Christians to be the people of the book.
2)
Define
a)
Hijra- the journey Muhammad took from
b)
Caliph- the successor to Muhammad
c)
Mosque- place of worship for Muslims
d)
Hajj- pilgrimage to
3)
a) What are the five pillars of Islam?
B) How do they help unite Muslims?
a)
Declaration of faith, daily
prayer, giving charity to poor, fasting during the month of Ramadan and to go
to
b)
1)
a) What areas did Arab armies conquer? B) Give three reasons for the
rapid success of the Arab conquest?
a)
Arabian armies conquered great
parts of the
b)
1) The Byzantine and Persian empires were very weak. 2)
Arabian armies had advanced strategies. 3) Their faith and belief gave them
bravery and purpose.
2)
What issues divided Sunni Muslims and Shiite Muslims?
a)
The Sunnis viewed
the caliph as a political figure and the Shiite believed he was a divine
spirit.
b)
-
Philosophy
·
They translated Greek, Hindu and
Buddhists texts.
· Averroes’s writings were translated into Latin and influenced Christians learning in medieval times.
LITERATURE
·
Wrote pieces interpreting the Quran
·
Had oral poetry about danger of dessert
and joys of war.
·
Later Muslims created more elaborate
poetry
ARTS
·
Abstract art composed of curved lines
·
Perfected calligraphy
·
Illustrated books with miniature
paintings
· Adapted dome and arch to build mosques.
MATH
·
Muslims studied Indian and Greek
Mathematics.
·
Al-Khwarizmi pioneered the study of
algebra. He wrote a book that was translated into Latin and became a
standard textbook in
Astronomy
·
Al-Khwarizmi also contributed in the
field of astronomy
·
Muslims studied eclipses
·
They measured the earths circumfrace
within a few thousand feet
MEDICINE
·
Muslims made great advancements in
medicine
·
Doctors had to pass a test in order to
practice medicine
·
Government set up hospitals were
injured people got immediate attention
·
Al-razi was head physician at
Chapter 9 section 2&3
Section 2
1)
Identify
a.
The Holy Roman Empire-Pope gave Otto, king of
2)
3)
A) Why was the power of German emperors limited? B) How did the
ambitions of German emperors affect the
a. The powers of German Emperors were limited because a lot of power was in the hands of the pope.
b.
German Emperors kept trying to conquer rich cities in
4)
A) Describe 2 issues that led to clashes between popes and the
a.
1) Pope Gregory wanted to rid
the church of outside interferences (
b. 1) Henry IV was forced to apologize to pope Gregory but later exiled him. 2) Innocent excommunicated nay ruler that went against him he considered himself lower than god but higher than any man.
Section 3
1) Identify
a. Crusades- holy war, to free the holy land and convert foreigners to Christianity
b. Council of Clermont- were they decided to have the crusades
c.
Saladin- Muslim leader that conquered
d. Reconquista-
e. Isabella- married Ferdinand and opened the way for a unified state
f.
Ferdinand- ruler of
g.
Inquisition- a church court set up to try people accused of
heresy.
2) What advanced civilizations flourished around the world at the time of the first crusades?
a. The Byzantine and holy roman empire advanced
3)
4)
How did
1) Identify
a)
Bubonic Plaque- a disease, also known as Black Death that became
a global epidemic. Spread by rats and fleas.
e)
Hundred Year’s War- war that lasted more than a hundred years.
It was between
f)
Joan of Arc- a 17-year old peasant
girl who was “called upon by god” to lead the French to victory in the Hundred
Year’s war.
g)
Charles VII- The uncrowned king of
2)
What were three affects of the Black Death?
a) Because of the filthy living conditions the disease spread like wild fire. Every person except for few died in agony a couple days after symptoms appeared.
b) People didn’t know how to cure the disease. Some people turned to witchcraft and magic. Other felt god was punishing them. Some people thought the Jews poisoned the wells thousands of Jews were killed because of this conspiracy.
c) Because all the workers were dieing and all the consumers were dieing the economy fell. All the prices skyrocketed and many townspeople revolted to try to lower prices.
2)
Why did reformers criticize the Church in the late 1300’s?
a)
Reformers didn’t like the
Babylonian captivity. Rivalries led to the forming of multiple popes at the
same time this went on until 1417 church council settled the matter.
3)
How did new technologies affect fighting during the Hundred Year’s war?
a)
In the start of the war the English had the longbow, a bow witch was
extremely strong and pierce throw most armor. This
gave the English a huge advantage. By the end of the War the French started to
use firepower in use of cannons. This gave the French the kind of advantage the
long bow gave the English.
Chapter 11 section 4
1) Identify
a) Urdu- a new language evolved as a marriage of Persian, Arabic, and Hindu
b) Sikhism- Nanak's sought to blend Muslim monotheism and Hindu beliefs, his teachings lead to the rise of a new religion called Sikhism
e)
Taj Mahal- Shah
Jahan, Akbar's grandson, built this stunning tomb for his wife after she died.
It was designed in Persian style; it is perhaps the greatest monument of the
Mughal Empire.
2)
A) Describe the stages by which Muslims advanced into
a)
They built and decorated temples, traded, and
conquered the sub continent
b)
They were able to conquer the
sub continent because on the battlefield Turkish mounted archers had a far
greater mobility than Hindu forces, who rode slow-moving elephants. Also Hindu
princess wasted their resources battling one another instead of uniting against
the common enemy.
3) How did relations between Hindus and Muslims evolve over time?
a)
In the beginning Hindus accepted differences in caste status and
honored the Brahmans as a priestly caste, and the Muslims taught the quality of
all believers before God and had no religious hierarchy. Eventually the
4) What policies did Akbar follow to strengthen his Empire?
a) Akbar won the support of Hindu subjects through his policy of toleration. He opened the government jobs to Hindus of all castes and treated Hindu princess as his partners in ruling the vast empire.
Chapter 13 section 1
1) Identify
a)
Sui Wendi-after the fall of Han dynasty he took over most of the
land but couldn’t bring
b) Tang Taizong- the first emperor of the Tang dynasty. He was one of the most admired emperors.
d)
2) Define
a) Tributary state- states that are still independent but have to acknowledge the higher supremacy.
b) Pagoda- a multistoried temple with eaves that curved up at the corners.
3)
How did the rise of the Tang and Song dynasties benefit
a) The dynasties returned the Middle Kingdom back to its old glory.
4)
A) Describe the social structure of
a) Under the Tang and Song dynasties the emperor ruled over a splendid court filled with aristocratic families. The two main classes of society were the gentry, wealthy landowners, which valued scholarship more than physical labor, and the peasantry, who worked the land and lived off of what they produced. Then the merchants had a lower status in society.
b) Merchants had such a low status in society because according to Confucianism their riches came from the labors of others.
· How were women treated in ancient china? (Give specifics)
- Women seem to have had higher status in Tang and early Song times then they did later. Women were called upon to make family affairs, also wives and mothers- in- law had great authority and managed family finances, discipline, and servants. Later in the Song dynast the costume of foot binding emerged. The feet of young girls were bound with long strips of cloth, producing a lily shaped foot about half the size of a foot that was allowed to grow normally. Tiny feet and a stilted walk became a symbol of female nobility and beauty. Foot binding was intensely painful, but done because parents were afraid a young girl wouldn't find a good husband.
Chapter 13 section 2
1) Identify
a)
Kublai khan-
Genghiz's grandson, toppled the last Song emperor in 1279, he ruled all
b)
Marco Polo- an
Italian merchant, he spent 17 years in Kublai's service, he wrote a book about
c) Zheng He-his voyages were the most extraordinary ventures, his goal was to promote trade and collect tribute from lesser powers across the "western seas", he returned home with new and unfamiliar animals for the imperial zoo
2) Why were the Mongols successful warriors?
a) The Mongols were successful warriors because Genghiz Khan imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty.
3) How did the Mongol conquests promote trade and culture?
a)
The Mongol conquests promoted trade and cultural exchange by
controlling the
· Why did the many empires ban the building of sea going ships?
§ The Ming emperor banned the building of sea going ships because the fleets were costly and didn't produce any profits. Also, Confucian scholars at court had little interest in overseas ventures.
Rothbort test 2
TRADE
WHY DID TRADE DECLINE
1) Manors where self-sufficient
2) Poor roads
3) Poor bridges
4) Little money in circulation
5) Barter was used (insufficient)
6) Wealth was measured by land not money
7) Church law forbid usury (no one lent money)
HOW DID TRADE REVIVE
A) New Technology and Inventions
1) Harness for horses
2) Windmills
3) Iron Plows
4) 3 field system (only had 1/3 of
their fields fallow rather than half)
B) this lead to more food being made
C) this leads to growing population
D) this leads to more demand for goods (more people need more goods)
E) TRADE
TRADE FAIRS
A) Lords gave the merchants Protection and A place to sell their goods
B) Merchants gave to lord a tax or fare
Results (commercial
Revolution)
1) Domestic system- goods are produced at home so more goods can be produced
2) Set up a “Banca” or bench to exchange travelers money
3) Tied regions together
4) Wealth measured by money not land Capital-investing
5) Serfs worked for themselves and paid the Lord
TOWNS
Traders go near castles→ Built inns to house the merchants→
Built more permanent settlements→ Rise
of towns
|
Positive |
Negative |
|
1) Opportunity and economic advancement |
1) Jam packed wooden houses 6) Sanitation was scarce 7) Great conditions to spread disease |
Guilds |
|||
|
Merchant |
Education |
Economic |
Political and Social |
|
1) Tax people who come into the town to trade |
1) Apprentice- to learn the business he worked
under someone and got food and room but no
money |
1) Decide who makes what and how it is made |
1) Supported hospitals |
RISE OF MIDDLE CLASS
Order
1) With the rise of trade and towns a new middle class arises
2) Middle class gets charter from king to end Feudal obligations
3) Middle class form guilds to control trade
4) In England Middle class with knights become a part of a model parliament
5) Feudal lords lose power to kings and towns and lose military power to
longbow and cannon
6) New monarchs in England and France choose members of the new middle class to
rule
7) Kings must respect the new middle class and treat them well in return for
the riches they bring into his land
MONGOL EMPIRE
MONGOLS
Gangues Kahn
1) United Mongolia as a nation
2) used the Mongols nomadic background as an advantage
3) He surrounded himself with great advisors to help him manage the empire
4) He made the biggest Empire in world history
5) The founding father of the Mongols
6) Worshipped by the Mongols
War tactics
1) Excellent horsemen- could change horses at full speed
2) Sometimes used surprise attacks
3) Used psychological warfare- sent people ahead to tell the enemy that Kahn’s
army was invincible and that they could not win and if they did not surrender
they would die.
4) They had mock retreats that lead the enemies into ambushes
Pax Mongolia
1) after their time of conquest ended a time of peace and prosperity called the
Pax Mongolia
2) his greatness grew even after Kahn's death
3) Their roads were so peaceful that anyone could travel through safely
4) There was great order
5) Goods and ideas where transferred between Europe and Asia
Revival of the
1) They revived the silk road
2) On it they traded many goods
3) They used paper money with silver to back it up like the Chinese did
4) There were post station through out the road
5) The roads where so peaceful that anyone could travel through safely
BUBANIC PLAGUE
|
Cause |
Event |
Effect |
|
-Poor sanitation and living condition in towns |
-Black death sweeps across the world |
-Towns are depopulated |
Long term
effects
Deaths go up → Shortage of field workers→ Peasants demand a
raise in wages; Lords refuse→ Peasants revolt→ Contributes to the end
of Feudalism
|
Where did the plaque originate how did it reach |
It originated in Mongolia It reached |
|
How was the disease intentionally used as a weapon? |
Mongols flung infected bodies over city walls in an effort
to infect the town’s people |
|
What where some of the effects of the bubonic plague in |
A third of |
|
How did the plague change the European system of Feudalism?
|
There weren't enough field workers to keep the manors
running. |
DECLINE OF FEUDALISM
|
Causes |
Effects |
|
1) Longbow and cannon invented |
1) Ended warfare based on knights and walled castles |
I. How did the Renaissance mark a major turning point in World History?
A. The difference between the Middle Ages with the Renaissance
1. Middle Ages
a. “Dark Ages”
b. Decline in Learning
c. Church
d. Spiritual
e. Concerned with life after death, heaven and salvation.
2. Renaissance (1350-1600- a time of new ideas in govt, art, scholarship, and religion)
a. “Revival” “Rebirth”
b. Reacquired classical Greek and Roman literature
c. Secular
d. Worldly
e. Kings
f. Concerned with present life
g. Focused on learning
i. It came natural just like galloping comes natural to a horse.
B. Renaissance and Reformation
1. Paintings
a. Artists made paintings more realistic using new techniques
i. The Last Supper
ii.
The
b. Northern European painters developed the technique of painting in oils.
2. Architecture
a. Architects substituted domes and columns for medieval arches and spires
b. Architects adorned building with tapestries, paintings, and statues.
3. Sculpture
a. Artists created lifelike, freestanding statues of nude figures in bronze and marble
i. Michelangelo’s David
b. Artists made enormous statues
4. Literature
a. Petrarch introduced sonnets
b. Humanists wrote in everyday languages rather than in Latin
i. Vernacuar
c. With a new method of printing, books became more widely available.
5. Religion
a. Protestantism was born as a result of Luther’s conflicts with the Catholic Church
b. The Catholic Reformation began in reaction to the spread of Protestantism
i. AKA The Counter Reformation
6. Music
a. They started to use instruments.
i. In the middle Ages the music was more religious and they didn’t use instruments- they used vocals.
C. Where it began
1. It begins in
a. Because it recovered from the Black Death earlier
b. It contains many Roman artifacts
c. Crusades
i. Contact with the Muslims (translated and preserved Greek and Roman writing)
d. Trade led to wealth so they became Patrons
i. Patron= support of the arts
2. The Northern Renaissance
a.
Took place 100 years after the Renaissance in
i. Because northern
D. Humanism”(Philosophy)
1. What was it
a. It was an intellectual movement that focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues.
2. What it preached
a. Seek fulfillment in daily life
b. Individual has dignity and worth
i. In the Middle Ages if you were a peasant then you were just a dirty peasant
c. Challenged long accepted traditions and institutions
d. They questioned things like Socrates
e. The ideal person should participate in
i. Politics
ii. Sports
iii. Art
iv. Literature
v. Music
· An example of a person like this was Leonardo Da Vinci
E. Notes
1. Slide
a. It was a picture of 2 women- one was pregnant
b. They were standing in a room with fruit and there was a dog.
c. Everything was symbolism
i. Dog= fidelity
ii. Fruit= multiply
d. They had tremendous detail, perspective, horizon, realism, oil painting, religious figures…
e. This is what they had in paintings that were different from older paintings.
2. “The Last Supper”
a. It had a perspective.
b. It was a bunch of people eating with Jesus.
c. The light from the window shined on him and it created something like a halo on him.
F. Important people of the Renaissance
1. Johann Gutenberg
a. He developed the printing press
i. It made the bible available to all Christians who could read.
· Now they didn’t have to depend on the priests to read it for them.
ii. Books became affordable enough so that people could buy and read them.
iii. New ideas spread more quickly than ever before.
iv. It prepared the way for a religious revolution.
· It publicized the corruption of the pope and other problems in the church.
b. It unleashed the power of ideas
c. You cant live without it
d. Everyone had an impact by him
i. Without it writers couldn’t write their theories…
2. Lorenzo de Medici
a. He was known as “The Magnificent”.
b.
He was a clever politician and he held
c. He was also a patron and a poet.
3. Francesco Petrarch
a. He was an early renaissance humanist.
b. He lived between 1304-1374.
c. He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscript.
d. He wrote his own literature.
4. Leonardo da Vinci
a.
He was one of the most brilliant sculptor and painter in
b. Leonardo was born in 1452.
c. The most popular painting was the Mona Lisa.
d. He had interests in botany, anatomy, optics, music, architecture, and engineering.
5. Michelangelo
a. He was a sculptor, engineer, painter, architect, and poet.
b. He shaped stone into masterpieces like Pieta and David
6. Raphael
a. He studied the works of greater masterpieces.
b.
His paintings were a mix of
Christian and classic styles. One of his well-known works is the
7. Sofonisba
a. She was an Italian noblewoman that was a portrait painter.
b.
She earned an invitation to become a court painter for King Philip the
second of
8. Jan and Hubert van Eyck
a.
They were talented artists in
b. Their portraits were rich in detail and so it added to the realism in their art. They also developed oil paint.
9. Albrecht Durer
a. He helped spread Italian Renaissance to his homeland.
b.
He traveled to
c. He is sometimes referred to as the “German Leonardo”.
10. Pieter Bruegel
a. He was a Flemish artist around the 1500’s.
b. He used vibrant colors to portray live scenes of peasant life. His work influenced other Flemish artists.
11. William Shakespeare
a. He was an English poet and playwright.
b. He wrote 37 plays.
c. He had three types of plays. Comedies, Histories, and Tragedies.
d. More than 1,700 words appeared for the first time in his works.
II. To examine Machiavelli’s advice to rulers
A. His book
1. He wrote a book called “The Prince”
2. It was written to Lorenzo de Medici
3. In it he describes ways of how a ruler should really rule
4. He says
a. A ruler that is nice will become sad. If he wants to stay in power then he can’t be good.
b. A ruler should be feared more than loved because if he was loved more then people would take advantage of him.
c. A ruler should be cruel with his army in order to maintain peace
d. The prince should imitate a fox and lion put together because a fox is sly and cunning and the lion is strong.
e. The prince should lie because the people are bad anyway so you should be bad back.
III. Was the Protestant Reformation inevitable??
A. Qualifications for a spiritual leader
1. Honesty
2. Devotion
3. Educated
4. Speaking skills
5. Set an example
6. Bravery?
B. But their were abuses in the Church
1. Clergy didn’t set a good example.
a. They were unskilled and uneducated
2. They had something called simony
a. This is when people with money sold their job to their son.
3. Because of all this stuff going on it went against what we said earlier. There is no trust. But people did this because the Church needed the money. They needed it for everyday things. The Church was taking money for their own benefit.
C. Johann Tetzel’s Speech Luther’s 95 Theses
1. Johann Tetzel
a. He said that if you gave some florin (money) to the Church then you’ll get a pass to Paradise- Heaven
b. It was called the Sale of Indulgences- passes to heaven
2. Luther
a. Background
i. Was very upset about this
ii. He had “Luther’s 95 Theses
iii. This was his critique of the Church
iv. He says that there is no need for the Pope everyone should just read the source—THE BIBLE
v. The princes supported people like Martin because all the peoples money were going to the Pope and this is bad for the prince because then the ppl cant give money to the prince
·
vi. He was excommunicated
b. What it taught/argued against the Church
i.
ii. Denied pope’s supremacy
iii. Bible is the soul source- only source of religion
iv. Translated the Bible to German
v. He encouraged individuals to read the bible
vi. Justification of Faith
· The only way to salvation is you got to have faith
Early 1600’s
Catholic ß Early Christian Church à Eastern Orthodox in
æ
AnabaptistsßAfter 1600’s Protestant Reformationà Church of England
å æ
Lutherans Calvinists
D. Reasons for Reformation
1. Political
a. Rulers resent the Church’s power
2. Economical
a. People resented paying the tithe
b. Forbade interest (usury)
3. Intellectual
a. Humanism
i. Question authority, tradition, and all institutions
ii. Focused on the individual
b. Printing Press
4. Religious
a. Priest
i. Materialistic
ii. Lived in luxury
iii. Simony
iv.
E. Church of England
1. Also known as the
2. King Henry
a. He was married to someone named Catherine and he had a daughter named Mary
i. He had a problem because he needs a son to rule under him but he has a girl
ii. He couldn’t get a divorce because it was against Catholics
iii. He wanted to get an annulment (cancel the marriage) but the pope didn’t allow this either. And so he set up his own Church that was Protestant/Anglican and the bishop allowed it
b.
He didn’t have much luck having a boy, he had another girl instead. (
c. The problem was that when he dies his first-born has to take over his Protestant/Anglican Church BUT Mary was a Catholic!!
i. She is known as Bloody Mary because she got rid of people who were Protestant
d.
When Mary died
F. Calvinists and Lutherans
1. Calvinists
a. Background
i. They were known for their very strict religion.
ii. Before you were born you were Predestined
· If you were predestined why should anyone be good?? What incentive is there to do good deeds but the thing sis that you don’t know if you were predestined for the good so you had to be good either way.
iii.
People had to follow Calvin’s
· They were laws
b. What they believed
i. View of god
· Taught that god was all powerful
ii. Sin
· Humans were sinful by nature
· God decided whether an individual achieved eternal life
iii. Predestination
· God decided when you were born who would gain salvation
2. Lutherans
a. What they believed
i. Priests and Church Authorities
· Rejected the idea that priests and the Church had special powers.
· He believed all Christians had equal access to god
ii. Marriage
· Permitted the clergy to marry
iii. Saints
· Prayers to them were banned
3. What they both believed
a. Salvation
i. Could be achieved through faith alone
ii. Rejected how good deeds will give you salvation
b. Religious Education
i. Every town should have a school so that boys and girls could learn to read the bible
c. Religious Truth
i. Bible was the sole source and they denied other traditional authorities.
G. Church lost all power, money, and followers so they wanted to get it back
1. Look at sheet
IV. European Renaissance Reformation
A. Effect in Renaissance
1. Art celebrates individuals and personal expression
2. Merchants sponsor artists and pay to beautify cities
3. Rulers sponsor artists and philosophers
4. Political, social, and artistic theories spread.
B. Social Change
1. Growing emphasis on individual (Humanism)
2. Growing prosperity of merchants
3. Decline of Feudalism and growing power of princes and kings
4. Printing press spread of learning(Johann Gutenberg)
C. Effect in Reformation
1. Individuals interpret Bible for themselves
2. German Merchants resent flow of money to Church in
3. Rulers defy pope and become Protestant
4. Luther’s 95 Theses spread; bible printed in Vernacular languages so more people have access.
V. How did the Scientific Revolution change the accepted beliefs of the Universe and Medicine??
A. Three different views of the universe
1. Ptolemy
a. Earth was the center and everything revolved around.
2. Kepler
a. Sun was the center and everything revolved around but the orbit was in an ellipse(oval)
3. Kerpenicus
a. Sun was the center and everything revolved around
B. Old and New
1. “Old”
a. relied on Greeks (Aristotle, Ptolemy)
b. relied on the Bible and Church teaching
c. superstition
2. “New”
a. Scientific Method
b. Observation
c. Testing
d. Using reason
i. Descartes “I think therefore I am”
3. Cause
a. Rediscovered classical writing(Greeks via Muslims)
b. Renaissance- spirit of inquiry- questioning
C. Important People who gave Contributions to Science
1. Copernicus
a. Came up with the Revolutionary theory
b. He proposed a heliocentric(sun centered) model of the universe
2. Kapler
a. He calculated the orbits of the planets.
b. Found out that the planets revolve in an ellipse and not a perfect circle.
3. Galileo
a. Assembled the telescope
b. The first person to see the sunspots and mountains on the moon.
4.
a. Showed that gravity kept the planets in orbit
b. Linked astronomy with physics
5. Vesalius
a. Published a book called “On the structure of the human body” which showed an accurate and detailed study of human anatomy.
6.
a. Described the circulation of blood
7. Bacon
a. Stressed experiment and observation
b. He wanted science to make life better for ppl.
8. Descartes
a. Said human reasoning is the best road to understanding
b. Brought the scientific method along with Bacon
VI. How and why did Europeans begin to explore the World in 15-17th centuries?
A. What was it like at sea
1. People had scurvy
a. Vitamin C deficiency which turned ppls blood to black, rotted their gums… They didn’t have fruits because they rotted
2. Many people died
3. The conditions were horrific.
B. How did they Travel?
1. Technology
a. Astrolabe from Muslims
b. Multiple mast(caravel), rudder, and sail from the Chinese
c. Compass
d. Better maps (Prince Henry)
e. The sextent
f. Mercator projection
g. They had better ships with more armaments(cannons
2. Sailorsà they got ppl to go
3. atmosphere of inquiry
4. There were national rivals
a.
They had some competitionsà
i.
b. Line of Demarcation
i. Pope Alexander VI put this
ii.
It divided
c. Treaty of Tordesillas
i. It moved the line of Demarcation
5. Financing
a. Kings
b. Investors
c. Joint Stock Company
i. Stockholders invest money to start a stock company
ii. King grants stock company a charter indicating where colony can be founded
· King gave support and protection
iii. Investment money used to purchase ships and supplies needed for founding a colony
iv. Voyages of exploration and settlement undertaken
v. Settlers work land to provide materials for trade with “parent” country
vi. Stockholders earn profits from trade of goods grown or made in colony.
C. Why?? Motives
1. Spices
a. Cinnamon, Ginger, Mace, Mustard, Nutmeg, Pepper…
b. It was the name of the game in the 1600’s
c. Food was very blunt so spices helped
i. You got really rich if you found/have spices
2. They traded by land and that’s how they got the goods to
3. Find all-water, direct route to
a. They wanted to cut out the “Middle Men” which were the Muslims and Italians
4. Gold, Silver, Gems
5. Convert natives to Christianity- missionary
6. Claim new territory
7. Individual reasons:
a. Adventure
b. Glory
c. Wealth
d. Better opportunity
e. Escape religious persecution
VII.
To examine life in
A. Land
1.
2. made up mainly of mountains
a.
The
3. The Amazon Jungle
4. It was very hot so people lived mainly on the coastlines,
5.
a. Famous for its ruins on the mountaintops.
b. They had terraced farming
B. Civilizations
1. Three main ones
a.
Mayans(
b. Aztecs
c. Incas
2. What they had before the Europeans came
a. Governments
b. Kings
c. Writing
d. Glyphs(Aztecs and Mayans)
e. Church was the center of the civilizationsà IT HAD A BIG influence
3. Social Class System
a. Peninsulares
i. People born in
ii. They filled the highest positions in church and govt.
b. Creoles
i. American-born descendants of Spanish settlers
ii. Owned mines, land…
c. Native Americans
d. African Descendants
4. Why did their population decrease dramatically??
a. They were wiped out by European diseases
i. For exampleà Smallpox
b. The Brutality of the Conquistadors (Conquerors)
i. They had very little armor and the horses scared them
C. The Conquistadors
1. Conquistadors= Conquerors
2. Two motives
a. The promise of riches
b. Promise of religious zeal
i. Meaning it was very easy to spread their religion to the Native Americans.
3. Encomienda
a. The right to demand labor from Native Americans
b. The conquistadors used this to enslave the NA.
4. Council of
a. The king set this up to keep control over the empire.
b. It passed laws for colonies
c. The king also put Viceroys
i. representatives who ruled in the kings name
5. Church
a. Played a key role in the colonies
b. Served as royal officials and helped regulate the activities of settlers
c. Missionaries hospitalized many Native Americans.
D. Cultural Blending
1. Settlers learned Native American styles of building, foods, and the arts.
2. Settlers taught NA the religion and introduced animals(such as horses)
3. Africans showed their farming methods, cooking styles, and crops. Their drama, dance, and song influenced worship services.
E. The Triangle Trade
1.
ã
2.
a. Guns and manufactured good
3.
a. Slaves that worked on plantations
4. The
a. Crops such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, rum..
F.
The Slave Trade in
1. Four elements
a. Slave raid
i. Other Africans went in and took people to slavery
b. Slave March
i. The walk to the port
c. Slave market
i. In the port city
ii. The selling and buying
d. Slave ship
i. Most deadly
ii. AKA THE MIDDLE PASSAGE
iii. Many people diesà the conditions were horrible.
iv. The Portuguese called the slave ship Tomborous= Tomb
VIII. How did the Columbian Exchange and the Age of Exploration impact the world?
A. Mercantilism
1. wealth=power
2. wealth=gold and silver
3. power= gold and silver
Favorable balance of trade
4. Export more than you import
a. How???
i. Increase exports by stimulating domestic industries with subsides (financial aid)
ii. Discourage Imports of foreign goods by levying tariffs(taxes)
iii. Acquire colonies to assure markets for manufactured goods and to guarantee sources of raw materials
iv. Prohibit colonies to trade with any other country except In the mother country
v. Colonies exist for the benefit of the mother country
B. The Commercial Revolution
1. local economy(agric.)à worldwide global market
2. capital based economy
3. entrepreneurs
a. ppl willing to take a risk with moneyàjoint stock company
4. Insurance
C. Shift of Power
1.
D. Inflation
1. There is a lot of gold in
E. Rivalries
1.
a.
F. Impact of Native Population
å æ
Native Americans Africans
1. The population of the Native Americans decreased because of diseases and the brutality of the conquerors so this lead to slaves.
Africans lost their culture and their economy
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