1. A pond
community is represented in the diagram. Which term
includes the interactions between the organisms of this
community and the physical factors of their environment?
|
 |
|
1. population |
3. biotic |
| 2. ecosystem |
4. competition |
|
2. All of
Earth's water, land, and atmosphere within which life
exists is known as
|
|
1. a population |
3. a biome |
| 2. a community |
4. the biosphere |
|
3. The
diagram shows organisms in and around a pond.Which
ecological term refers to all the organisms shown in the
diagram?
|
 |
|
1. heterotroph |
3. population |
| 2. community |
4. producer |
|
4. An
aquarium ecosystem is shown in the accompanying diagram.
A community in this aquarium consists of the
|
 |
|
1. plants and gravel |
3. fish, plants, and
snails |
| 2. fish, water, and snails |
4. water and gravel |
|
5. Which
statement regarding the ecosystem shown in the diagram is
correct?
|
 |
|
1. The community within
this ecosystem consists of seven guppies and one catfish. |
3. A population within
this ecosystem is the three snails. |
| 2. The energy source for
this ecosystem is the gas from the air stone. |
4. Cycling of materials is
not necessary in this self-sustaining ecosystem. |
|
6. Fish,
plants, snails, and bacteria in an aquarium represent a
|
|
1. community |
3. species |
| 2. population |
4. biosphere |
|
7. The
diagram shows a milkweed plant and some of the insects
that live on it or visit it. Which term best describes
the group of organisms in the diagram?
|
 |
|
1. biosphere |
3. habitat |
| 2. community |
4. biome |
|
8. Which
group represents a population?
|
|
1. all the vertebrates
living in New York State |
3. all the plant and
animal species found in New York State |
| 2. all the Homo sapiens
living in New York State |
4. all the flowering
plants found in New York State |
|
9. A
moss-covered log is overturned by a hungry bear looking
for insects to eat. The bear disturbs an ant colony, and
some chipmunks leave the hollow log to search for another
home in the forest. Which relationship do these organisms
have with each other?
|
|
1. They are all of the
same species. |
3. They are part of a
community. |
| 2. They all require the
same type of food. |
4. They are abiotic
factors in a forest. |
|
10. Which
is an example of an ecosystem?
|
|
1. a population of monarch
butterflies |
3. all the abiotic factors
found in a field |
| 2. the interdependent
biotic and abiotic components of a pond |
4. all the mammals that
live in the Atlantic Ocean |
|
11. An
example of a population is all the
|
|
1. field mice living in a
barn |
3. animals in a barn and
their surroundings |
| 2. field mice and owls
living in a barn |
4. animals in a barn and
their food |
|
12. The
diagram shows the general location of some major biomes
of the Western Hemisphere. The biorne indicated by letter
F is characterized by
|
 |
|
1. heavy rainfall,
broad-leaved plants, and rnonkeys |
3. variable rainfall,
mosses, and caribou |
| 2. sparse rainfall,
grasses, and leopards |
4. heavy rainfall,
conifers, and snakes |
|
13.
Decomposer bacteria are indicated by letter
|
 |
|
1. A |
3. C |
| 2. B |
4. D |
|
14. The
diagram shows a relationship between altitude, latitude,
and tree gowth. What is a valid inference that can be
made based on this graph?
|
 |
|
1. Deciduous trees cannot
grow at an altitude of 5,000 feet. |
3. There is less light
available at 10,000 feet than at lower elevations. |
| 2. The effects of
increasing altitude and latitude on tree growth are
simflar. |
4. Trees do not grow
rapidly in the tropics. |
|
Base your
answer to questions 15-17 on the information shown and on
your knowledge of biology.
The Long Island pine barrens is a natural woodland that
once covered more than a quarter of a million acres. The
dominant tree in this woodland is the pitch pine. Plant
and animal distribution and abundance are controlled by
fire and soil conditions. Dry, sandy soils encourage
frequent wildfires, which periodically consume all or
part of the vegetation. Fires are natural and important
in maintaining the pine barrens. Pine barrens plants and
animals must be fire adapted; that is, they must have the
ability to survive fires or to colonize burned areas
rapidly. Some pine barrens insects, for example, escape
fire by burrowing deep into the ground during times of
the year when fires are likely to occur.
15. Which event normally takes place after a fire in the
pine barrens?
|
|
1. ecological succession,
which helps reestablish the pine barrens |
3. increased mutations in
the pitch pines |
| 2. hibernation of the
insects in the ground |
4. rapid interbreeding of
animal species that survive the fire |
|
16. In the
pine barrens, pitch pine trees are part of a
|
|
1. tundra biome |
3. climax community |
| 2. pioneer community |
4. grassland biome |
|
17. A
pioneer organism in the pine barrens is one that
|
|
1. migrates to a different
habitat |
3. burrows out of the
ground after the fire is extinguished |
| 2. is the first to
repopulate areas where fire destroyed the vegetation |
4. is destroyed by the
fire |
|
18. Which
organisms would most likely be the pioneer organisms on a
newly formed volcanic island?
|
|
1. conifers |
3. deciduous trees |
| 2. lichens |
4. tall grasses |
|
19. Which
letter most likely indicates a marine biome?
|
|
|
1. A |
3. C |
| 2. B |
4. D |
|
20. Which
letter most likely indicates a tropical forest biome?
|
|
|
1. A |
3. C |
| 2. B |
4. D |
|
21. Which
is an example of the nutritional pattern of a priimary
consumer?
|
 |
|
1.
grasshoppers--->lizards |
3. prickly pear
cactuses--->desert rats |
| 2.
scorpions--->bacteria |
4.
lizards--->roadrunners |
|
22. A
carnivore in this desert community is represented by the
|
|
|
1. lizard |
3. yeast |
| 2. sage |
4. desert rat |
|
23. Which
title would be most appropriate for a textbook on general
ecology?
|
|
1. The Interactions
Between Organisms and Their Environment |
3. The Physical and
Chemical Properties of Water |
| 2. The Cell and Its
Organelles |
4. The Hereditary
Mechanism of Drosophila |
|
24. Which
group can best be described as a population?
|
|
1. all the honeybees in an
orchard |
3. the living and
nonliving factors in a meadow |
| 2. all the plants and
animals in a forest |
4. the life in Earth's
atmosphere |
|
25. Which
diagram best represents an ecosystem?
|
 |
|
1. (1) |
3. (3) |
| 2. (2) |
4. (4) |
|
26. A food
pyramid is represented by the diagram. Which statement
best describes one of the levels of this pyramid?
|
 |
|
1. Level A contains the
largest producers in the pyramid. |
3. level C contains the
largest group of consumers in the pyramid. |
| 2. The organisms in level
B obtain food directly from level A. |
4. Level D contains the
greatest nurnber of heterotrophs in the pyramid. |
|
27. In a
natural community, all the living things that directly or
indirectly affect the environment are known as
|
|
1. pioneer organisms |
3. climatic limitations |
| 2. secondary consumers |
4. biotic factors |
|
28. A
fungus is an example of
|
|
1. an herbivore |
3. an autotroph |
| 2. a saprophyte |
4. an omnivore |
|
29.
Several years after a building had been tom down and the
ground cleared, grasses began to grow in that area. After
10 years, small bushes replaced the grasses. This pattern
of plant growth is known as
|
|
1. biological control |
3. land-use management |
| 2. ecological succession |
4. cover cropping |
|
30. In
order to preserve the biosphere for future generations,
humans must
|
|
1. make use of technology
to develop new herbicides |
3. explore ways to drain
and fill wetlands along the seacoast |
| 2. put all wild animals in
game preserves |
4. understand how living
things interact with their environment |
|
31. Which
organisms would most likely have a predator-prey
relationship?
|
|
1. tapeworm and dog |
3. hawk and mouse |
| 2. barnacle and whale |
4. rabbit and grass |
|
32. Eggs
of a wasp species are deposited inside the body of a
gypsy moth caterpillar. The wasp eggs hatch into larvae,
which feed on and destroy the caterpillar. The
relationship that exists between the wasp larvae and the
caterpillar is known as
|
|
1. mutualism |
3. commensalism |
| 2. parasitism |
4. saprophytism |
|
33. In the
food pyramid represented , which level has the greatest
biomass?
|
 |
|
1. eagles |
3. mice |
| 2. snakes |
4. green plants |
|
34. Which
factor promotes competition between organisms in an
ecosystem?
|
|
1. cycling of minerals |
3. limited resources |
| 2. decomposition of
organic matter |
4. presence of saprophytes |
|
35. The
diagram shows the general location of some major biomes
of the Western Hemisphere. The most stable biome is
represented by letter
|
|
|
1. A |
3. C |
| 2. B |
4. D |
|
36. The
diagram shows the general location of some major biomes
of the Western Hemisphere. Which type of biome is
indicated by letter E?
|
|
|
1. tundra |
3. grassland |
| 2. taiga |
4. deciduous forest |
|
37. The
science of ecology is best defined as the study of
|
|
1. the classification of
plants and animals |
3. technology and its
effects on society |
| 2. the interactions of
living organisms and their environment |
4. weather and its effects
on food production in the ocean |
|
38. In the
four diagrammatic statements,the arrows should be read as
[influences]. For example, A--->B would be read [A
influences B] and B<--->B [B influences itself].
Which diagrammatic statement best describes ecology?
|
 |
|
1. 1 |
3. 3 |
| 2. 2 |
4. 4 |
|
39. Which
statement is best supported by the diagram of the
carbon-oxygen cycle?
|
 |
|
1. Decomposers add oxygen
to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide. |
3. Producers generate
oxygen and utilize carbon dioxide. |
| 2. Combustion adds oxygen
to the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide. |
4. Consumers generate
oxygen and utilize carbon dioxide. |
|
40. An owl
cannot entirely digest the animals it preys upon.
Therefore, each day it expels from its mouth a pellet
composed of fur, bones, and sometimes cartilage. By
examining owl pellets, ecologists would be able to
determine the
|
|
1. consumers that owls
prefer |
3. organisms that feed on
owls |
| 2. autotrophs that owls
prefer |
4. saprophytes that affect
owls |
|
41. If
birds eat insects that feed on corn, which pyramid level
would birds occupy?
|
 |
|
1. A |
3. C |
| 2. B |
4. D |
|
42. In an
attempt to prevent certain species from becoming extinct,
humans have
|
|
1. placed all endangered
species in zoos |
3. increased wildlife
management and habitat protection |
| 2. increased the trapping
of predators |
4. attempted to mate
organisms from different species to create new and
stronger organisms |
|
43. All
the interacting populations in a given area represent an
ecological unit known as a
|
|
1. biosphere |
3. world biome |
| 2. community |
4. saprophytic
relationship |
|
44. Which
is an abiotic factor that functions as a limiting factor
for the autotrophs in the ecosystem shown?
|
 |
|
1. grasshopper |
3. fish |
| 2. light |
4. hawk |
|
45. Which
term belongs in box 2?
|
 |
|
1. tropism |
3. saprophytism |
| 2. gradualism |
4. commensalism |
|
46. Which
description belongs in box 3?
|
|
|
1. derives nourishment
from human body fluids |
3. stalks, kills, and eats
fish in deep ocean environments |
| 2. feeds on dead animals,
assisting in the recycling of nutrients |
4. carries on autotrophic
nutrition in the tropical forest biome |
|
47. Which
group in the food web represented would most likely have
the greatest biomass?
|
 |
|
1. corn and oats |
3. mice and rats |
| 2. hawks and owls |
4. snakes and raccoons |
|
48. When
animals excrete nitrogenous wastes into the soil, certain
soil bacteria convert these wastes into nitrates, which
are absorbed by plants. These soil bacteria function as
|
|
1. autotrophs |
3. decomposers |
| 2. secondary consumers |
4. abiotic factors |
|
49. An
ecosystem is not considered to be self sustaining if
|
|
1. there is interaction
between biotic and abiotic factors |
3. cycling of materials
occurs between organisms and their environment |
| 2. some of its living
systems incorporate energy into organic compounds |
4. it lacks a constant
supply of energy |
|
50. In an
ecosystem, symbiotic relationships exist among the
|
|
1. autotrophs, only |
3. biotic factors |
| 2. heterotrophs, only |
4. abiotic factors |
|
51. The
stable stage that is established in an area as a result
of the process of ecological succession is known as the
|
|
1. heterotroph community |
3. biotic stage |
| 2. pioneer stage |
4. climax community |
|
52. Which
statement correctly describes the nutritional role of an
organism shown in the diagram?
|
 |
|
1. Organism A is an
herbivore. |
3. Organism C is a primary
consumer. |
| 2. Organism B is a
decomposer. |
4. Organism D is a
producer. |
|
53. Which
organisms break down chemical substances in the
environment, making these substances available for use by
other organisms?
|
 |
|
1. producers |
3. herbivores |
| 2. decomposers |
4. carnivores |
|
54. Which
group has the greatest biomass?
|
|
|
1. omnivores |
3. carnivores |
| 2. herbivores |
4. producers |
|
55.
According to the diagram, omnivores can be classified as
|
|
|
1. primary or secondary
consumers |
3. secondary consumers,
only |
| 2. primary consumers, only |
4. neither primary nor
secondary consumers |
|
56. Which
statement best describes the pioneer organisms involved
in ecological succession?
|
|
1. They do not require
sunlight. |
3. They modify the
environment. |
| 2. They are the last
organisms to appear. |
4. They are restricted to
desert biomes. |
|
57. In a
swamp ecosystem, the heron and the snapping turtle feed
on the same species of minnow. These feeding patterns
will most likely result in
|
|
1. ecological succession
of plants in the swamp |
3. extinction of the
turtle |
| 2. competition between the
heron and the turtle |
4. evolution of a new type
of climax fauna |
|
58. The
type of herbivorous mammals present in a given
terrestrial community depends most directly on the
|
|
1. type of plants present |
3. number of decomposers
present |
| 2. amount of nitrogen in
the atmosphere |
4. amount of oxygen
dissolved in ponds and streams |
|
59. Which
term would be used to classify the patrons of the
restaurant "Chez Rotting Carcass" in the
cartoon?
|
 |
|
1. herbivores |
3. scavengers |
| 2. parasites |
4. saprophytes |
|
60. Hawks
and owls living in the same area compete for the same
type of mouse for food. Which situation would lead to the
greatest problem in food supply?
|
|
1. an icrease in the owl
population |
3. a decrease in the hawk
population |
| 2. an increase in the
mouse population |
4. a decrease in the owl
population |
|
61. Energy
stored in organic molecules is passed from producers to
consumers. This statement best describes an event in
|
|
1. the process of
photosynthesis |
3. a food chain |
| 2. natural selection |
4. ecological succession |
|
62. Select
the type of symbiosis that best identifies the
relationship: A tapeworm lives in the digestive tract of
a human.
|
|
1. Commensalism |
3. Parasitism |
| 2. Mutualism |
|
63. Select
the type of symbiosis that best identifies the
relationship: A flea sucks blood from the skin of a dog.
|
|
1. Commensalism |
3. Parasitism |
| 2. Mutualism |
|
64. Select
the biome that best fits the description: lichens and
mosses present; subsoil permanently frozen.
|
|
1. Tundra |
3. Temperate deciduous
forest |
| 2. Taiga |
4. Grassland |
| 5. Desert |
|
65. Select
the biome that best fits the description constant, warm
temperature; heavy rainfall.
|
|
1. Tundra |
3. Temperate deciduous
forest |
| 2. Taiga |
4. Grassland |
| 5. Tropical forest |
|
66. Select
the biome that best fits the description: wide variation
in daily temperature; little rainfall.
|
|
1. Tundra |
3. Temperate deciduous
forest |
| 2. Taiga |
4. Grassland |
| 5. Desert |
|
67. Which
statement is not a correct description of oceans?
|
|
1. Oceans absorb and hold
large quantities of solar heat. |
3. Oceans contain a
relatively constant supply of nutrient materials and
dissolved salts. |
| 2. Oceans provide the
least stable aquatic environment. |
4. Oceans serve as a
habitat for a large number of diverse organisms. |
|
68. The
diagram represents a pyramid of biomass in an aquatic
enviroment. Which statement best explains why mass
decreases from one level to the next in this pyramid?
|
 |
|
1. More organisms die at
higher levels than at lower levels, resulting in less
mass at higher levels. |
3. Energy is lost to the
environment at each level, so less mass can be supported
at succeedingly higher levels. |
| 2. When organisms die at
higher levels, their remains sink to lower levles,
increasing the mass at lower levels. |
4. Organisms decay at each
level, and thus less mass can be supported at
succeedingly higher levels. |
|
69. If two
different bird species in the same habitat require the
same type of nesting site, both species will most likely
|
|
1. interbreed and share
the nesting sites |
3. change their nesting
site requirements |
| 2. compete for the nesting
sites |
4. use the nests of other
bird species |
|
70. The
taiga biome is characterized by
|
|
1. long, cold winters;
frozen subsoil; and no trees |
3. heavy rainfall,
broad-leaved trees, and hot temperatures |
| 2. cold winters,
coniferous trees, and much snow |
4. hot days, cool nights,
and little precipitation |
|
71. The
chart below illustrates some methods of pest control. One
likely effect of using these methods of pest control will
be to
|
 |
|
1. prevent the extinction
of endangered species |
3. reduce pesticide
contamination of the environment |
| 2. increase water
pollution |
4. harm the atmosphere |
|
| 72. When Mount Saint
Helens erupted in 1980, a portion of the surrounding area
was covered by lava, which buried all of the vegetation.
Four months later,Anaphalis margaritacea plants were
found growing out of rock crevices. The beginning of
plant regrowth in this area is part of the process known
as |
|
1. species preservation |
3. biotic competition |
| 2. organic evolution |
4. ecological succession |
|
73.
Ecosystems tend to change with time until a stable system
is formed. All stable ecosystems are characterized by the
presence of
|
|
1. a specific climax
vegetation influenced by the climate of the area |
3. fewer primary consumers
than secondary consumers in the area |
| 2. trees as the most
abundant autotroph in the area |
4. a larger number of
heterotrophs than autotrophs in the area |
|
74.
Information relating to an ecosystem is contained in the
diagram shown. Which information belongs in areas X and
Y?
|
 |
|
1. X - biotic factors; Y -
abiotic factors |
3. X - abiotic factors; Y
- interacting populations |
| 2. X - ecological
relationships; Y - biotic relationships |
4. X - energy flow; Y -
biotic factors |
|
75.
Knowing the type of food consumed by an organism helps to
identify the role of the organism in the community. This
role is known as its
|
|
1. nesting site |
3. biomass |
| 2. territorial range |
4. niche |
|
76. Base
your answer to the following question on the key shown
and on your knowledge of biology.
A small shrimp feeds on parasites on the skin of a marine
fish. Which set of symbols represents the relationship
between the fish and the other two organisms?
|
 |
|
1. + with shrimp; - with
parasite |
3. 0 with shrimp; - with
parasite |
| 2. - with shrimp; 0 with
parasite |
4. + with shrimp; 0 with
parasite |
|
77. The
graphs show the size of the human population in relation
to food production per acre in four different countries
over the same period. Which country survived the longest
without the need for food imports?
|
 |
|
1. A |
3. C |
| 2. B |
4. D |
|
78. The
use of ladybugs and praying mantises to consume insect
pests in gardens is an example of
|
|
1. biological control of
insect pests |
3. abiotic control of
insect pests |
| 2. exploitation of insect
pests |
4. use of biocides to
control insect pests |
|
79. Which
activity would most likely control an insect pest and be
the least harmful to the environment?
|
|
1. spraying areas with
biocides that affect the insect pest |
3. using traps baited with
sex hormones to attract the insect pest |
| 2. releasing imported
insects that prey on the insect pest |
4. eliminating the plants
that the insect pest feeds on |
|
80. The
creation of wildlife refuges and the enforcement of game
laws are conservation measures that promote increased
|
|
1. use of biocides |
3. use of biological
controls |
| 2. preservation of species |
4. exploitation of species |
|
81. Which
human activity would most likely result in the addition
of an organism to the endangered species list?
|
|
1. cover cropping |
3. use of erosion controls |
| 2. use of pollution
controls |
4. habitat destruction |
|